Charles

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    Environmental Science MCQs | Sustainable Development Issues

    1) The expansion on PQLI is
    (a) Physical Quality of Life index
    (b) Physical Quantity of Life Index
    (c) Product Quality Lifecycle Implementation
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (a)

    2) Birth rate is called
    (a) Mortality
    (b) Vital index
    (c) Natality
    (d) Viability
    Answer: (c)

    3) Death rate of the population
    (a) Mortality
    (b) Viability
    (c) Natality
    (d) Vitality
    Answer: (a)

    4) The Anthrax disease is caused by
    (a) Virus
    (b) Bacteria
    (c) Protozoa
    (d) Helminthes
    Answer: (b)

    5) Superbugs are
    (a) Synthetic bug
    (b) Bacteria
    (c) Radio nucleotide
    (d) Industries
    Answer: (b)

    6) Salmonellosis is a disease related to consumption of
    (a) Chicken
    (b) Eggs
    (c) Mutton
    (d) Fish
    Answer: (d)

    7) Causative organisms of Malaria
    (a) Bacteria
    (b) Fungus
    (c) Plasmodium
    (d) Virus
    Answer: (c)

    8) What is ‘Black Lung?”
    (a) Occupational Hazard to the miners
    (b) Occupational Hazard to navigators
    (c) Occupational Hazard to pesticide applicators.
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (a)

    9) What is Carcinogen?
    (a) Drugs for curing infectious disease
    (b) Drugs used for curing cancer
    (c) Cancer causing agent
    (d) Food colorants
    Answer: (c)

    10) Infection of HIV is usually detected by which test
    (a) Elisa test
    (b) Hybridization
    (c) Gram staining
    (d) None
    Answer: (a)

    11) The destruction of habitat of plants and animals is called
    (a) Endemism
    (b) Endangered species
    (c) Habitat loss
    (d) Flood
    Answer: (c)

    12) Zoos are examples for
    (a) In-situ conservation
    (b) in-vivo conservation
    (c) ex-situ conservation
    (d) ex vivo conservation
    Answer: (c)

    13) The first national park of Pakistan
    (a) Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park
    (b) Shandure-Phander National Park
    (c) Lal Suhanra National Park
    (d) Pir Lasura National Park
    Answer: (c)

    14) Earth summit of Rio de Janeiro (1992) resulted in
    (a) Compilation of Red list
    (b) Establishment of biosphere reserves
    (c) Conservation of biodiversity
    (d) IUCN
    Answer: (c)

    15) Some species of plants and animals are extremely rare and may occur only at a few locations are called
    (a) Endemic
    (b) Endangered
    (c) Vulnerable
    (d) Threatened
    Answer: (b)

    16) The drug morphine is extracted from …………… plant
    (a) Cocoa
    (b) Belladonna
    (c) Opium Poppy
    (d) Tannin
    Answer: (c)

    17) …………….. species is known as Azadirachta Indica
    (a) Neem
    (b) Mango
    (c) Jackfruit
    (d) Banana
    Answer: (a)

    18) ……………….. tree is known as ‘flame of the forest’?
    (a) Ziziphus
    (b) Butea monosperma
    (c) Jackfruit
    (d) Pongamia
    Answer: (b)

    19) Which tree is known as Coral tree?
    (a) Quercus
    (b) Dipterocarps
    (c) Erythrina
    (d) Ziziphus
    Answer: (c)

    20) Which plants die after flowering?
    (a) Lotus
    (b) Bamboo
    (c) Chrysanthemum
    (d) Butea
    Answer: (b)

    21) Out of 4,100 mammal species in the world, Pakistan is home to
    (a) 209
    (b) 188
    (c) 319
    (d) 566
    Answer: (b)

    22) The four mammals known to have so far disappeared from Pakistan are the tiger (Panthera Tigris), swamp deer (Cervus duvaucelii), lion (Panthera Leo) and the.
    (a) White Rhinoceros
    (b) One-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)
    (c) Elephant
    (d) Hog deer
    Answer: (b)

    23) ……………….. is a marine tortoise which shows the unique phenomenon ‘Arribada’
    (a) Olive Ridley
    (b) Star Tortoise
    (c) Travancore Tortoise
    (d) b & c
    Answer: (a)

    24) Largest reptile in the world
    (a) Dragon
    (b) Anaconda
    (c) Crocodile
    (d) Python
    Answer: (b)

    25) In which year Broghil Valley (KPK) was declared as National Park?
    (a) 1988
    (b) 1996
    (c) 2010
    (d) 2011
    Answer: (c)

    26) The total population of Snow Leopard in Pakistan is estimated around
    (a) 400
    (b) 500
    (c) 300
    (d) 188
    Answer: (c)

    27) In Pakistan, mangroves forests covered 600,000 hectares but now that has been reduced to
    (a) 185,000 hectares
    (b) 75,000 hectares
    (c) 85,000 hectares
    (d) 115,000 hectares
    Answer: (b)

    28) In which year Kala Chitta was declared as National Park?
    (a) 2008
    (b) 2009
    (c) 2010
    (d) 2012
    Answer: (b)

    29) The Red Data book which lists endangered species is maintained by
    (a) UNO
    (b) WHO
    (c) IUCN
    (d) WWF
    Answer: (c)

    30) The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in
    (a) 1973
    (b) 1974.
    (c) 1976
    (d) 1999
    Answer: (b)

    31) In which year Lal Suhanra was declared as National Park?
    (a) 1972
    (b) 1988
    (c) 1995
    (d) 2008
    Answer: (a)

    32) Flag ship species of Deosai National Park (Skardu) sanctuary
    (a) Tiger
    (b) Peacock
    (c) Brown Bears
    (d) Rhino
    Answer: (c)

    33) Herpetology is a branch of Science which deals with
    (a) Aves
    (b) Mammals
    (c) Reptiles
    (d) Fishes
    Answer: (c)

    34) “Silent Spring” is a well-known book written by
    (a) John Miller
    (b) Charles Darwin
    (c) Rachel Carson
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (c)

    35) First Biosphere reserve in Pakistan
    (a) Lal Suhanra National Park
    (b) Kirthar National Park
    (c) Chitral Gol National Park
    (d) Chiltan Hazarganji, National Park
    Answer: (a)

    36) Bears are usually hunted and killed for their
    (a) Teeth
    (b) Skin
    (c) Gall bladder
    (d) Nails
    Answer: (b)

    37) Coral reefs in Pakistan can be seen in
    (a) Atcola Island
    (b) Churna (near Karachi coast)
    (c) Pasni and near Jevani
    (d) All of the above
    Answer: (d)

    38) Which of the following is an extinct species?
    (a) Tiger
    (b) Lion
    (c) Dodo
    (d) Ostrich
    Answer: (c)

    39) Black Buck is a
    (a) Goat
    (b) Deer
    (c) Butterfly
    (d) Bird
    Answer: (b)

    40) Gharial is a
    (a) Crocodile
    (b) Cobra
    (c) Tortoise
    (d) Frog
    Answer: (a)

    41) ——— is one of the most endangered species of Pakistani birds
    (a) Bee eater
    (b) Chakoor
    (c) Owl
    (d) Houbara bustard
    Answer: (d)

    42) Pangolins feed on
    (a) Ants
    (b) Fruits
    (c) Leaves
    (d) Roots
    Answer: (a)

    43) Many wild plant and animals are on the verge of extinction due to
    (a) Habitat destruction
    (b) Climatic changes
    (c) Non availability of food
    (d) None of the above
    Answer: (a)

    44) The first global environmental protection treaty “The Montreal Protocol” was signed on Sept. 26.
    (a) 1985
    (b) 1990
    (c) 1981
    (d) 1987
    Answer: (d)

    45) Animals and plants are best protected in
    (a) Zoos
    (b) Botanical Gardens
    (c) National Parks
    (d) Sanctuaries
    Answer: (c)

    46) The Native Place of Redwood trees?
    (a) Australia
    (b) Amazon
    (c) California
    (d) Thailand
    Answer: (c)

    47) Which of the following pulls people to urban areas?
    (a) Declining agricultural jobs
    (b) Lack of land to grow food
    (c) Better health care
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (c)

    48) Due to the urban population exploding in developing countries, they will need to build the equivalent of a city with more than 1 million people every __ for the next 25 years.
    (a) Day
    (b) Week
    (c) Month
    (d) Three months
    (e) Year
    Answer: (b)

    49) Which of the following statements is false?
    (a) The shift in poverty is moving rapidly from the city to the country.
    (b) Developing countries are currently urbanizing faster than developed countries.
    (c) Urbanization varies throughout the world but is increasing everywhere
    (d) The general population growth also contributes to urban growth
    (e) The shift in poverty is moving rapidly from the country to the city
    Answer: (a)

    50) Those who migrate and find jobs in cities can expect all of the following, except
    (a) Long hours and low wages
    (b) Dangerous machinery
    (c) Health and retirement benefits
    (d) Noise pollution
    (e) High crime rate
    Answer: (c)

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    John Dryden Quiz

    John Dryden was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden. Walter Scott called him “Glorious John”. He was made Poet Laureate in 1667. Source: Wikipedia

    John Dryden Quiz Questions

    1. When was John Dryden born? (Dates according to Gregorian calendar)
    a) 2 February 1641
    b) 15 May 1636
    c) 19 August 1631 (Correct)
    d) 15 December 1628

    2. Where was John Dryden born?
    a) Aldwinkle  (Correct)
    b) Cardiff
    c) Liverpool
    d) Dorchester

    3. Which school did John Dryden attend?
    a) Shrewsbury School
    b) Westminster School (Correct)
    c) Harrow School
    d) St. Paul’s School

     

    4. Which poem did John Dryden write for the coronation of Charles II?
    a) The Medall
    b) The Hind and the Panther
    c) Religio Laici
    d) To His Sacred Majesty (Correct)

    5. Which play did John Dryden write in 1665?
    a) Secret Love
    b) The Indian Emperour (Correct)
    c) All for Love
    d) The Conquest of Granada

    6. When did John Dryden write Annus Mirabilis?
    a) 1672
    b) 1675
    c) 1667 (Correct)
    d) 1701

    7. Which poem written by John Dryden regarding successor to Charles II angered Whigs?
    a) Absalom and Achitophel (Correct)
    b) Eleonara
    c) Love Triumphant
    d) Cleomenes

     

    8. When was John Dryden poet laureate?
    a) 1640-1648
    b) 1701-1715
    c) 1690-1700
    d) 1668-1688 (Correct)

    9. When did John Dryden die?
    a) 26 January 1715
    b) 12 May 1700 (Correct)
    c) 11 July 1703
    d) 12 November 1699

    10. Where did John Dryden die?
    a) Cambridge
    b) London (Correct)
    c) Oxford
    d) Bristol

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    Triple Centuries In Test Cricket Quiz

    1) Who was the first cricketer to hit a triple century in a Test and create a record for highest number of runs by an individual in a Test Innings?
    a) Andrew Sandham
    b) C. B. Fry
    c) Jack Hobbs
    d) Leary Constantine

    2) Who broke the previous record by scoring 334 runs in a Test Innings?
    a) Donald George Bradman
    b) Hanif Mohammed
    c) Michael Colin Cowdrey
    d) Vijay Samuel Hazare

    3) How many runs were scored by Leonard Hutton to create a new world record?
    a) 302
    b) 336
    c) 337
    d) 364

    4) Who could not complete his triple century against South Africa in a Test Innings and remained 299 not out as the last batting partner was run out?
    a) Lawrence Rowe
    b) Sunil Gavaskar
    c) Donald George Bradman
    d) Peter May

    5) Who broke Leonard Hutton’s record by scoring 365 not out?
    a) Rohan Kanhai
    b) Clive Lloyd
    c) Conrad Hunte
    d) Garfield Sobers

    6) How many runs were scored by Brian Charles Lara when he overtook the previous record that had stood for 36 years 1 month and 16 days?
    a) 373
    b) 375
    c) 374
    d) 371

    7) Who broke Brian Charles Lara’s record by scoring 380?
    a) Kim Hughes
    b) Matthew Hayden
    c) Ricky Ponting
    d) Adam Gilchrist

    8) Brian Charles Lara was back again to claim the world record to his name. How many runs did he score?
    a) 381
    b) 384
    c) 390
    d) 400 not out

    9) Who of the following has not hit two triple centuries in Tests?
    a) Brian Charles Lara
    b) Donald George Bradman
    c) Walter Hammond
    d) Virender Sehwag

    10) Who batted 970 minutes when scoring 337 runs?
    a) John Edrich
    b) Hanif Mohammad
    c) Robert Simpson
    d) Anthony Greig

    Triple Centuries In Test Cricket Quiz Answers

    1) Who was the first cricketer to hit a triple century in a Test and create a record for highest number of runs by an individual in a Test Innings?
    a) Andrew Sandham

    2) Who broke the previous record by scoring 334 runs in a Test Innings?
    a) Donald George Bradman

    3) How many runs were scored by Leonard Hutton to create a new world record?
    d) 364

    4) Who could not complete his triple century against South Africa in a Test Innings and remained 299 not out as the last batting partner was run out?
    c) Donald George Bradman

    5) Who broke Leonard Hutton’s record by scoring 365 not out?
    d) Garfield Sobers

    6) How many runs were scored by Brian Charles Lara when he overtook the previous record that had stood for 36 years 1 month and 16 days?
    b) 375

    7) Who broke Brian Charles Lara’s record by scoring 380?
    b) Matthew Hayden

    8) Brian Charles Lara was back again to claim the world record to his name. How many runs did he score?
    d) 400 not out

    9) Who of the following has not hit two triple centuries in Tests?
    c) Walter Hammond

    10) Who batted 970 minutes when scoring 337 runs?
    b) Hanif Mohammad

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    100 Questions & Answers About Asia

    100 Questions & Answers About Asia

    1. Highest mountain of world ‘Mount Everest’ is located in continent – Asia

    2. Out of seven continents, continent Asia shares its East border with – Ural Mountains

    3. Longest river in Asia Continent is – Yangtze of China

    4. Country in Asia continent which is known as ‘Land of golden fiber’ is – Bangladesh

    5. Out of seven continents, continent Asia shares its West border with – Pacific Ocean

    6. What is the capital of the Republic of the Philippines? – Manila

    7. Where can you find Mayon Volcano? – Albay

    8. What is the main religion in Malaysia? – Islam

    9. What is the national sport in Thailand? – Thai Boxing

    10. What country is in south of Malaysia? – Singapore

    11. In a country of over 1,900 islands, but with a land area of only one percent of its total
    territory, which of these is one of the Maldives’ most important industries? – Tourism

    12. The wildlife of Iran used to include an animal which is now extinct. Which of these used to
    roam the northern regions of Iran? – Caspian tiger

    13. The city of Rajshahi is an important center in the production of a natural fiber that comes
    from a certain worm. What is the nickname of the city that comes from this association? – Silk City

    14. India is bound on the north by a range of snow-capped mountains, which boast some of the
    world’s highest peaks. What is the name of this mountain range, also considered to be the
    world’s youngest? – The Himalayas

    15. Which of these cities is in Vietnam? Pyonggang, Nam Dinh, Battambang or Alor Setar? – Nam Dinh

    16. Which Asian city was awarded the honour of holding the 2014 winter Olympic games? – Sochi, Russia

    17. Which of these IS an Asian city? Dushanbe, Moscow, Bucharest or Cairo? – Dushanbe

    18. Which of these cities is in Sri Lanka? Thimpu, Islambad, Kabul or Colombo? – Colombo

    19. Which city is just across the Bering Strait from Alaska, U.S.A.? – Uelen

    20. Which Asian city is in a country that is in both Europe and Asia? – Novosibirsk

    21. Mary (Mur-ree) is a city in – Turkmenistan

    22. Which is the only city that is also a country in Asia? –

    23. ________ city is the largest city (and former capital) of Kazakhstan – Almaty

    24. Which city is capital of West Java province in Indonesia? – Bandung

    25. _____________ city is principal port of Bangladesh, and is the country´s second largest city – Chittagong

    26. Which city is the capital of Syria? – Damascus

    27. Which city was capital of Persia 1598-1722? – Esfahan

    28. ___________ city was known before 1980 as Lyallpur – Faisalabad

    29. The city which is capital of Guangdong province, China – Guangzhou

    30. Whart is the capital of Vietnam? – Hanoi

    31. ________________is third largest city of Turkey and was formerly known as Smyrna – Izmir

    32. What is the capital of Indonesia? – Jakarta

    33. What is the capital of Afghanistan? – Kabul

    34. Which city is capital of Punjab province in Pakistan? – Lahore

    35. This city is capital of Khorasan province, Iran – Mashhad

    36. Russian city which was formerly known as Novonikolaevsk – Novosibirsk

    37. This Japanese city was formerly known as Naniwa. It is the center the Hanshin area, which is the most important industrial area in Japan – Osaka

    38. _______ city is capital of North Korea – Pyongyang

    39. The former name of Bishkek – Frunze

    40. The former name of Gyumri – Leninakan

    41. The city which is part of Kiaochow territory occupied by Germany in 1897 and leased to Germany for 99 years in 1898 – Qingdao

    42. The capital of Saudi Arabia is – Riyadh

    43. _____________city is capital of East Java province, Indonesia – Surabaya

    44. What is the capital of Uzbekistan – Tashkent

    45. Which city is also known as Benares? – Varanasi

    46. Which Chinese city was formed in 1950 by the consolidation of Hankow, Hanyang and Wuchang – Wuhan

    47. ___________ is the capital of Shaanxi province, China – Xian

    48. The city which contains Japan´s major port and the country´s second largest is – Yokohama

    49. What is the capital of Henan province, China – Zhengzhou

    50. The people in this capital city in South Asia live in houses made of coral. The city is
    located on an island – Male

    51. The former name of the city Yangon is – Rangoon

    52. Which Indian city is the capital of two Indian states but it itself is under the rule of the
    Central Government – Chandigarh

    53. What city was the capital of Pakistan from 1947 to 1959? – Karachi

    54. In what city were 1000 British troops and their families killed by freedom fighters during the Indian revolt of 1857? – Kanpur

    55. The former name of Banda Aceh – Kutaraja

    56. The former name of Yekaterinburg – Sverdlovsk

    57. Which was the second largest city in Sri Lanka? – Kotte

    58. The name of the city which is also means ‘Canopy of Wood’ – Kathmandu

    59. The headquarters of the fifth largest army in the world is in which of these cities? New
    Delhi, Bangalore or Rawalpindi? – Rawalpindi

    60. What is the only City in South-Asia which has French as an official language – Pondicherry

    61. When King Charles II of Great Britain married a Portuguese princess, she brought this city
    with her as dowry – Mumbai (Bombay)

    62. The former name of the city Dalian is – Dairen

    63. The former name of Xiamen – Amoy

    64. The former name of Makassar – Ujung Pandang

    65. The largest island in Iran? – Qeshm

    66. The largest island in Oman? – Masirah

    67. The former name of Jayapura – Hollandia

    68. The former name of Kota Kinabalu – Jesselton

    69. The former name of Jakarta – Batavia

    70. The former name of Bandar Seri Begawan – Brunei Town

    71. Which is the name of a city in both India and Pakistan? – Hyderabad

    72. The former name of Astana – Tselinograd

    73. Name the biggest island in Japan? – Honshu

    74. The biggest island in India? – Middle Andaman

    75. The former name of Bandar Khomeyni is – Bandar Shahpur

    76. The former name of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is – Toyohara

    77. What is the name of the former principality that was located between Nepal and Bhutan? – Sikkim

    78. The mouth of the Ganges river can be found within what country? – Bangladesh

    79. What is the largest island in Asia? – Borneo

    80. How many of the top ten most populated countries of the world are located, at least partly,
    in Asia? – 7

    81. Which country shares the longest continuous border with China? – Mongolia

    82. Which central Asian country, with the cities of Tashkent and Namangan, is one of the two
    doubly landlocked countries in the world? – Uzbekistan

    83. Which eastern/central Asian country, bordering China, is one of the least densely populated
    countries in the world? – Mongolia

    84. Which country, spanning two continents, has identified the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, or
    PKK, as a terrorist group? – Turkey

    85. Which country, which has the city of Surabaya, also has land on the 2nd largest island on
    the planet? – Indonesia

    86. The former name of Shenyang is – Mukden

    87. The former name of Guangzhou – Canton

    88. What island country, south of Taiwan, has a major religion of Roman Catholicism, and is
    prone to typhoons because of its location? – Philippines

    89. What teardrop shaped island country has maritime borders with the Maldives, and another
    country to its north? – Sri Lanka

    90. What southeast Asian country is home to the Tonle Sap lake, a lake which floods to over
    five times its size during the monsoon season? – Cambodia

    91. Which extremely populated country has constituted a one-child policy in order to control
    its population? – China
    92. The former name of Vladikavkaz – Ordzhonikidze

    93. The former name of Ganca, or Gandzha is – Kirovabad

    94. Which very densely populated country separated from Pakistan in 1971? – Bangladesh

    95. Which industrialized country has the largest metropolitan area in the world, and has more
    than 6,000 islands? – Japan

    96. Biggest island in China? (excluding Taiwan which is claimed by China) – Hainan

    97. What is the largest island in South Korea? – Cheju

    98. Which is the largest island in Philippines? – Luzon

    99. The former name of Khudzhand – Leninabad

    100. Name the largest island in Thailand – Phuket

  • | | |

    100 MCQs About World History

    100 MCQs About World History

    1. What is the oldest daily newspaper in England? – The Times

    2. Which two American states joined the union in 1959? – Alaska and Hawaii

    3. Which American President ordered the dropping of the first atomic bomb? – Harry S Truman

    4. In which century did King George IV rule Great Britain? – 18th

    5. After which famous person in history was the teddy bear named? – Theodore Roosevelt

    6. What was the name given to the trials of 24 Nazi leaders for war crimes in 1945? – The Nuremberg Trials

    7. In what century was the Taj Mahal built? – 17th

    8. Which gangster said ‘I’ve been accused of every death except the casualty list of the World War’? – Al Capone

    9. In what year was Prince William born? – 1982

    10. The word ‘book’ originates from the middle English word ‘bok’ meaning which type of
    tree? – Beech

    11. Richard Byrd is credited with having been the first person to fly over what particular spot
    in the world? – The North Pole

    12. Why don’t the restaurants ‘Palm Court’, ‘Cafe Parisien’ and ‘Verandah’ exist anymore? – They were on the Titanic

    13. What city was the capital of Poland between 1320 and 1611? – Krakow

    14. Who was the first President of America? – George Washington

    15. Which American President served only 31 days? – William Harrison

    16. When the first World War broke out which three countries made up the Triple Entente? –
    France, England and Russia

    17. What is Adam’s ale or Adam’s wine? – Water

    18. Who were the mother and father of Elizabeth I? – Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII

    19. Which British Prime Minister resigned because of the Suez crisis? – Anthoney Eden

    20. For what was Rosa Parks arrested in 1955, leading to the biggest US Civil Rights
    movement? – Refusing to give up her seat on a bus for a white man

    21. John Major became a member of Parliament in 1979 for which town, north of London? –
    Huntingdon

    22. Which American President was shot in 1901 and died 8 days later? – McKinley

    23. The Battle of Bosworth in 1485 was the last battle of which series of wars? – The Wars Of The Roses

    24. The explorer Sir Edmund Hillary was from which country? – New Zealand

    25. The popular British pub name ‘The Royal Oak’ is named after which King? – Charles II (he hid in an oak tree to escape enemies)

    26. Collectively, by what name are Carole Richardson, Patrick Armstrong, Paul Hill and Gerard Conlon better known? – The Guildford Four

    27. In which century was the world’s first public railway opened? – 19th

    28. The invention of what in 1867, made Alfred Nobel famous? – Dynamite

    29. What was King William II killed by? An arrow, the plague or old age? – An Arrow

    30. In Greek mythology, who was the goddess of marriage, women and childbirth? – Hera

    31. In what year did Margaret Thatcher become Prime Minister? – 1979

    32. In what year was London due to host the Olympic Games, but couldn’t because of the Second World War? – 1944

    33. On March 3rd, 1991, who was severly beaten by Los Angeles police officers causing public outcry? – Rodney King

    34. Which king was the target of the Gunpowder plot of 1605? – James I

    35. What alloy was the most important metal for tools and weapons between the years 4000
    and 2000 B.C.? – Bronze

    36. In which year did Tony Blair first become British Prime Minister? – 1997

    37. Who was the first US President to meet with a reigning British monarch? – Woodrow Wilson

    38. In which month in 1914, did Britain declare war on Germany? – August

    39. Thomas Chippendale was best known for making and designing what in the 18th century? – Furniture

    40. What historic event does the nursery rhyme ‘Ring-a-ring of roses’ commemorate? – The Great Plague

    41. In which year did colour TV transmissions begin in Britain? – 1969

    42. As at the year 2001, who has been the tallest American President? – Abraham Lincoln

    43. Which famous London department store opened on 15th March, 1909? – Selfridges

    44. Which of the following occurred most recently? The Iron Age or The Bronze Age? – Iron Age

    45. Who is the only American President to have served non-consecutive terms in office? – Grover Cleveland

    46. In which country did the cloning of Dolly the sheep take place? – Scotland

    47. Who ordered the beheading of Mary Queen Of Scots? – Queen Elizabeth I

    48. Which English queen was married to Lord Guildford Dudley? – Lady Jane Grey

    49. Which geographical location was the first word spoken on the moon? – Houston

    50. What was Hitler’s title as the leader of Nazi Germany? – Fuhrer

    51. What was the surname of Zachary, the President of the USA between 1849 and 1850? –Taylor

    52. How many of Henry VIII’s wives had been previously married? – 2

    53. Who did Queen Elizabeth I succeed to the throne? – Mary I

    54. In which war was the Victoria Cross first awarded? – The Crimean War

    55. In which century did the diamond engagement ring first become popular? – 15th

    56. Which country declared war on both Germany and the Allies in World War II? – Italy

    57. Which two brothers are associated with the invention of the aeroplane? – Orville and Wilbur Wright

    58. By what title was Oliver Cromwell known? – Lord Protector

    59. In 1978, what was Sweden’s most profitable export, ahead of Volvo? – Abba

    60. What was the name of the bomb which was dropped on Nagasaki during World War II? – Fat Man

    61. How did Robert The Bruce die? – Of the disease leprosy

    62. Which famous museum opened in London, in April 1928? – Madam Tussauds

    63. In Greek mythology, what was unusual about Medusa’s hair? – It was made of snakes

    64. In America, what became the 49th state to enter the union in 1959? – Alaska

    65. Which district of London was named after a battle fought in 1815? – Waterloo

    66. In what year did the first successful Mars landings take place? – 1976

    67. For how many years did the Jurassic period last? – 180 million

    68. In which century was Mary, Queen Of Scots executed? – 16th

    69. Who was the first American President to visit China? – Richard Nixon

    70. Parker and Barrow were the surnames of which famous couple? – Bonnie and Clyde

    71. What type of animal was the first to be sent into space? – A dog

    72. For what reason did American Sally Ride become famous in 1983? – First American female in space

    73. In which year did Richard Nixon begin the secret bombing of Cambodia? – 1969

    74. Which famous person in history invented the greeting, ‘Hello’ first used for answering the telephone? – Thomas Edison

    75. Who was the famous son of the Greek princess Olympias? – Alexander The Great

    76. What were the names of Adam and Eve’s three sons? – Cain, Abel and Seth

    77. Which war was called the ‘War to end all wars’? – World War I

    78. In what year did Laika the dog become the first space traveller? – 1957

    79. Which country in Europe has the oldest Parliament? – Iceland

    80. Who was the third President of America and chief author of the Declaration Of Independence? – Thomas Jefferson

    81. In what year was the battle of Agincourt? – 1415

    82. By what name was the Scottish outlaw Robert McGregor better known? – Rob Roy

    83. In 1969, what became the first song to be sung in outer space? – Happy Birthday

    84. By what name was Sir Arthur Wellesley better known? – Duke of Wellington

    85. What was the name of the suffragette who threw herself under the King’s horse in the
    1913 Derby? – Emily Davison

    86. What was the profession of Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone? – Teacher (of deaf and dumb children)

    87. Which country suffered over 6 million deaths in World War II, equivalent to over 17% of
    it’s population? – Poland

    88. Which English King was killed by an arrow at the battle of Hastings? – King Harold

    89. Who was murdered by Robert Ford? – Jesse James

    90. In what year were protesting students murdered in Tiananman Square? – 1989

    91. Which US President was forced to resign because of the Watergate scandal? – Richard Nixon

    92. Which monarch’s last words were ‘All my possessions for a moment of time’? – Elizabeth  I

    93. What happened in 1847 that is sometimes referred to as ‘Black Forty Seven’? – The potato famine in Ireland

    94. In which country did Venetian blinds originate? Italy, India or Japan? – Japan

    95. In which country was Mother Theresa born? – Yugoslavia

    96. Who was the first American President to die while in office? – William Harrison

    97. What was the maiden name of the bride at the first wedding watched by over 750 million
    people? – Diana Spencer

    98. Who was Queen Elizabeth II’s father? – George VI

    99. Which famous raid did Guy Gibson lead in 1943? – The Dambusters

    100. Who, in 1901, was the first man to send a Radio Telegraph signal across the Atlantic
    Ocean? – Guglielmo Marconi


     

     

  • | |

    Unique 100 General Knowledge Questions & Answers

    Unique 100 General Knowledge Questions & Answers

    1. Which British actor who starred as Jimmy in the film Quadrophenia later appeared in Blur’s video for the single Parklife? – Phil Daniels


    2. Which Argentinian striker is Barcelona’s all-time leading goalscorer? – Lionel Messi


    3. In the video game Dark Souls, one of the locations in the game, Anor Londo is heavily based on which Milan landmark? – Milan Cathedral


    4. Planned and begun in 1850 by King Maximilian II of Bavaria, Maximilianstrasse is a major shopping district in which German city? – Munich


    5. Wise, methodical detective Lester Freamon is a fictional character in which TV series? – The Wire


    6. Which Europe’s most southerly capital city? – Nicosia, Cyprus


    7. Clark Kent is the real name of which superhero? – Superman


    8. The film Grease was mostly filmed in which US state? – California


    9. Which Irish writer and clergyman wrote Gulliver’s Travels? – Jonathan Swift


    10. The largest tower located OUTSIDE of London in the United Kingdom is found in which English city? – Portsmouth(Spinnaker Tower)


    11. Which Hollywood, California born actor is known for starring in films including Inception, The Wolf of Wall Street and The Departed, amongst others? – Leonardo DiCaprio


    12. Who was the Greek god of the Sea? – Poseidon


    13. Which soul singer enjoyed fleeting success in the UK as the first winner of the TV series X-Factor? – Steve Brookstein


    14. Which is the only country to have taken part in every football World Cup finals? – Brazil


    15. Charles Darwin features on which British bank note? – Ten pound note


    16. How old was Frodo when he came of age in the book Fellowship of the Rings? – 33 years old


    17. Which former American Footballer when on to play Apollo Creed in the Rocky film series? – Carl Weathers


    18. What is the relationship between Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Beatrice of York? – Grandmother-granddaughter


    19. What is the name of the founder of the company Amazon who later went on to purchase The Washington Post newspaper? – Jeff Bezos


    20. Which Spanish region is known for the Tempranillo black grape wine variety? – Rioja


    21. Which actress won the 1981 Academy Award for Best Actress aged seventy-four for her role in the film On a Golden Pond? – Katharine Hepburn


    22. Which is the only inanimate sign of the zodiac? – Libra


    23. What was the name of The Jam’s debut album, released in 1977, that shared its name with a hit single on the album? – In The City


    24. Since 1987, which Tennis Grand Slam tournament has been the fourth and final in the tennis calendar? – US Open


    25. Nelson’s Column is a monument in which London square? – Trafalgar Square


    26. Which Oasis song opens with the lyrics ‘Today is gonna be the day’? – Wonderwall


    27. Where was playwright Oscar Wilde born in October 1854? – Dublin, Ireland


    28. Which is the largest moon of the planet Saturn, by diameter? – Titan


    29. Bella Swan (later Bella Cullan) is a character in which film series? – The Twilight Saga


    30. At 119 miles long, what is the name of Scotland’s longest river? – River Tay


    31. The Bolshoi Ballet is based in which city? – Moscow


    32. Charleroi is a city in which northern European county? – Belgium


    33. What colour is the distinctive King of the Mountains jersey in cycling’s Tour de France? –Red polka dots on white


    34. Sharon Osbourne, wife of aging rocker Ozzy, was a judge on which TV music program? – X-Factor


    35. In a game of cricket, how many runs are awarded for hitting the ball over the boundary rope without bouncing? – Six runs


    36. What is the name of the branch of medicine that focuses on eyesight? – Optometry


    37. Which silent film starring Jean Dujardin won the Best Film Oscar in 2011? – The Artist


    38. William Shakespeare was born in which English market town? – Stratford-upon-Avon


    39. The Baggies is the nickname of which English football club? – West Bromwich Albion


    40. Prior to join the Euro and taking it’s name from the Greek verb ‘to grasp’, what was the former currency of Greece? – Drachma


    41. Which country has the most football clubs? – South Africa


    42. Where was the first nuclear reactor built? – The USA


    43. Which brewery invented the widget for the beer can? – Guinness


    44. Which is the only mammal that able to kneel on all fours? – Elephant


    45. Who designed the Statue of Liberty? – Bartholdi


    46. Which country is Santiago the capital of? – Chile

    47. What is the name of the dog in the ‘Back to the Future’ films? – Einstein


    48. Who was the first female governor of India? – Sarojini Naidu


    49. Who wrote the music for West Side Story? – Bernstein


    50. Which is the largest species of crocodile? – Saltwater


    51. During which year did the Apple iPhone first go on sale? – 2007


    52. What was the nationality of the famous 18th century poet Robert Burns? – Scottish


    53. Where did King Arthur hold court? – Camelot


    54. In which year was Michael Jackson’s song Thriller released? – 1982


    55. Which sign of the zodiac is represented by the scales? – Libra


    56. Which country was Arnold Schwarzenegger born in? – Austria


    57. What is the name of Washington’s active stratovolcano? – Mount St. Helen


    58. Which nuts are used to make marzipan? – Almonds


    59. What is the name given to a skydiver’s canopy? – A parachute


    60. What type of shark was Jaws? – A great white


    61. How many consonants are there in the English Alphabet? – 21 consonants


    62. In which country were ‘The Lord of the Rings’ movies filmed? – New Zealand


    63. What do the stripes of the US flag represent? – The 13 original colonies of the United States (sign of uniting as one)


    64. True or false: the diameter is half of the radius? – False: the radius is half of the diameter


    65. Which is the only English football team to play in the Scottish league? – Berwick Rangers


    66. Which character did Clark Gable play in Gone With The Wind? – Rhett Butler


    67. Which Roman numerals represent the number 40? – XL


    68. Which word can come before: moon, house and time? – Full


    69. What religion does a Rabi belong too? – Jewish


    70. How many hours are there in one full week? – 168 hours


    71. Which English actor starred in Gangs of New York and Lincoln? – Daniel Day Lewis


    72. Who was the president of the United States in 2000? – Bill Clinton


    73. What is the largest country in Great Britain? – England


    74. What theory did the scientist Charles Darwin help to develop? – The theory of evolution


    75. What ‘M’ is a popular egg white dessert? – Meringue


    76. How many known planets are there in our solar system? – Eight


    77. Canberra is the capital city of which country? – Australia

    78. What is an obtuse angle? – An angle measuring between 90 and 180 degrees


    79. What was the name of Moses’ brother? – Aaron


    80. Who sang the 2015 hit song ‘All About That Bass’? – Meghan Trainor


    81. Three countries of the world begin with the letter J, can you name them all? – Jamaica, Japan, Jordan


    82. Which 2015 movie features a song called ‘Writing’s on the Wall’ by Sam Smith? – Spectre (James Bond)


    83. Beginning with the fastest first, put the following body features in order of growth rate: finger nails, toe nails, hair? – Hair, finger nails, toe nails


    84. In medieval legend, what name was given to the cup from which Jesus drank from at the Last Supper? – Grail (The Holy Grail)


    85. Does the British noble title Viscount rank above or below a Baron? – Above


    86. Which solar system planet experiences the hottest surface temperature? – Venus


    87. Which George Michael song begins with the lyrics, ‘I feel so unsure, As I take your hand and lead you to the dance floor’? – Careless Whisper


    88. In 1912, which ocean did RMS Titanic sink in? – Atlantic Ocean (North Atlantic)


    89. What film series stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino as leaders of a New York Mafia family? – The Godfather


    90. What traditional Easter cake is toasted and decorated with 11 to 12 marzipan balls? – Simnel Cake


    91. What type of animals make up the biggest group of amphibians? – Frogs


    92. Which naturalist wrote ‘The Voyage of the Beagle’? – Charles Darwin


    93. The inauguration of which American President took place on January 20, 2009? – Barack Obama


    94. Can you unscramble the following word to reveal the name of a hormone produced by the pancreas: NNLUSII? – Insulin


    95. What was the first fully animated feature film released by Walt Disney? – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)


    96. Which Asian country was formerly named Ceylon? – Sri Lanka


    97. What type of gas primarily forms the Earth’s atmosphere? – Nitrogen


    98. What is the opposite of nocturnal? – Diurnal


    99. Which Winter Olympic event combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting? – The biathlon


    100. Who plays Jack Bauer in the American television series 24? – Kiefer Sutherland

  • | |

    Inventions and Inventors

    Inventions and Inventors

    A

    Air Brake : 
    George Westinghouse, U.S.A. 1911.
    Air Conditioning : 
    Willis Carrier, U.S.A. 1911.
    Airplane : 
    engine-powered, Wilbur and Orville Wright, U.S.A., 1903.
    Airship :
    Henri Giffard, France, 1852; Ferdin von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.
    Antibiotics :
    Louis Pasteur, Jules-Francois Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin) Alexander Fleming, Scotland, 1928.
    Antiseptic : 
    (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.
    Aspirin : 
    Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.
    Atom :
    (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.
    Atomic Structure :
    Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.
    Automated Teller Machine (ATM) :
    Don Wetzel, U.S.A., 1968.
    Automobile :
    (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rmp) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical highspeed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) Rene Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S.A., 1892.
    Autopilot : 
    (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.

    B

    Bacteria : 
    Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.
    Bakelite :
    Leo Hendrik Baekeland, U.S.A., 1907.
    Ball Bearing :
    Philip Vaughan, England, 1794.
    Ballon, Hot-air : 
    Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.
    Bar Codes :
    Monarch Marking, U.S.A. 1970.
    Barometer :
    Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.
    Bicycle :
    Karl D. von Sauebronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.
    Big Bang Theory :
    (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled �Big Bang�) George A. Gamov, U.S.A., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S.A. 1965.
    Blood, Circulation of :
    William Harvey, England, 1628.
    Bomb, Atomic : 
    J. Robert Oppenheimer et al., U.S.A., 1945.
    Bomb, Thermonuclear (hydrogen) :
    Edward Teller et al., U.S.A., 1952.
    Boyle�s Law :
    (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.
    Braille :
    Louis Braille, France, 1829.
    Bridges :
    (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S.A., 1820.
    Bullet :
    (conical) Claude Minie, France, 1849.

    C

    Calculating Machine :
    (logarithms) John Napierm Scotland, 1614; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (�analytical engine� design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.
    Camera :
    George Eastman, U.S.A., 1888; (Polaroid) Edwin Land, U.S.A., 1948
    Car Radio : 
    William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S.A. 1929.
    Cells :
    Robert Hooke, England, 1665.
    Chewing Gum : 
    John Curtis, U.S.A., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S.A., 1870.
    Cholera Bacterium :
    Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.
    Circuit, Integrated :
    (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S.A., 1959.
    Clock, Pendulum :
    Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.
    Clock, Quartz :
    Warren A. Marrison, Canada/U.S.A., 1927.
    Cloning, Animal :
    John B. Gurdon, U.K., 1970.
    Coca-Cola :
    John Pemberton, U.S.A., 1886.
    Combustion :
    Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.
    Compact Disk : 
    RCA, U.S.A., 1972.
    Compact Disk (CD) :
    Philips Electronics, The Netherlands; Sony Corp., Japan, 1980.
    Computed Tomography 
    (CT scan, CAT scan) :
    Godfrey Hounsfield, Allan Cormack, U.K. U.S.A., 1972
    Computers :
    (analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) John Presper Eckert, Jr., John Mauchly, U.S.A., 1945; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer) 1951; (personal computer) Steve Wozniak, U.S.A., 1976.
    Computer Laptop :
    Radio Shack Corp., U.S.A., 1983.
    Concrete :
    Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

    D

    DDT :
    Othmar Zeidler, Germany, 1874.
    Detector, Metal :
    Gerhard Fisher, Germany/U.S.A., late 1920s.
    Deuterium :
    (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S.A., 1931.
    DNA :
    (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) F. H. Crick, England and James D. Watson, U.S.A., 1953.
    Dye :
    William H. Perkin, England, 1856.
    Dynamite :
    Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

    E

    Electric Generator (dynamo) :
    (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S.A., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892.
    Electron :
    Sir Joseph J. Thompson, U.S.A., 1897.
    Electronic Mail :
    Ray Tomlinson, U.S.A., 1972.
    Elevator, Passenger :
    Elisha G. Otis, U.S.A., 1852.
    E=mc2 
    equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.
    Engine, Internal Combustion :
    No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wanket, Germany, 1956.
    Evolution :
    : (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.

    F

    Facsimile (fax) :
    Alexander Bain, Scotland, 1842.
    Fiber Optics : 
    Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.
    Film Photographic :
    George Eastman, U.S.A., 1884.
    Flashlight, Battery-operated Portable :
    Conrad Hubert, Russia/U.S.A., 1899
    Flask, Vacuum (Thermos) :
    Sir James Dewar, Scotland, 1892.
    Fuel Cell :
    William R. Grove, U.K., 1839

    G

    Genetic Engineering :
    Stanley N. Cohen, Herbert W. Boyer, U.S.A., 1973.
    Gravitation, Law of :
    Sir Issac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).
    Gunpowder :
    China, c.700.
    Gyrocompass :
    Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., 1905.
    Gyroscope :
    Jean Leon Foucault, France, 1852.

    H

    Helicopter :
    (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Silorsky, U.S.A., 1939.
    Helium First Observed on Sun:
    Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.
    Home Videotape Systems 
    (VCR) :
    (Betamax) Sony, Japan, (1975); (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

    I

    Ice Age Theory :
    Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.
    Insulin :
    (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.
    Internet :
    Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) at the Dept. of Defense, U.S.A., 1969.
    Iron, Electric : 
    Henry W. Seely, U.S.A., 1882.
    Isotopes : 
    Frederick Soddy, England, 1912.

    J

    Jet Propulsion :
    (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.

    L

    Laser :
    (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S.A. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S.A., 1960.
    LCD (liquid crystal display) :
    Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.
    Lens, Bifocal :
    Benjamin Franklin, U.S.A., c.1760.
    Light-Emitting Diode (LED) :
    Nick Holonyak, Jr., U.S.A., 1962.
    Light, Speed of :
    (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.
    Locomotive :
    (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific�s �Big Boy�, U.S.A., 1941.
    Loud Speaker :
    Chester W. Rice, Edward W. Kellogg, U.S.A., 1924.

    M

    Machine Gun :
    (multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S.A., 1862; (single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.
    Magnet, Earth is : 
    William Gilbert, England, 1600.
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) : 
    Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur, U.S.A., early 1970s.
    Matchstick/box : 
    (phosphorus) Francois Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.
    Metric System : 
    Revolutionary government of France, 1790-1801.
    Microphone : 
    Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.
    Microscope : 
    (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S.A., Canada, Germany, 1932-1939.
    Microwave Oven : 
    Percy Spencer, U.S.A., 1947.
    Missile, Guided : 
    Wernher von Braun, Germany, 1942.
    Motion, Laws of : 
    Isaac Newton, England, 1687.
    Motion Pictures : 
    Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1893.
    Motion Pictures, Sound : 

    Motor, Electric : 

    Motorcycle : 
    (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.
    Moving Assembly Line : 
    Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score : Don Juan, 1926; with spoken diologue : The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.

    Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892.

    O

    Ozone : 
    Christian Schonbein, Germany, 1839.

    N

    Neutron : 
    James Chadwick, England, 1932.
    Nuclear Fission : 
    Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.
    Nuclear Reactor : 
    Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.
    Nylon : 
    Wallace H. Carothers, U.S.A., 1937.

    P

    Pacemaker : 
    Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S.A., 1957.
    Paper : 
    China, c.100 A.D.
    Parachute : 
    Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.
    Pen : 
    (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S.A., 1884; (ball-point) John H. Loud, U.S.A., 1888; Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.
    Phonograph : 
    Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1877.
    Photography : 
    (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicephore Niepce, France, 1816-1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate) Louis Dagauerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848-1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S.A. 1935.
    Photovoltaic Effect :
    (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.
    Planetary Motion, Laws of : 
    Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.
    Plastics : 
    (first material nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S.A., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S.A., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922; (polypropylene and low-pressure method for producing high-density polyethylene) Robert Banks, Paul Hogan, U.S.A., 1958.
    Polio, Vaccine : 
    (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S.A., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S.A. 1954; (available in the U.S.A.) 1960.
    Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) : 
    Eugen Baumann, Germany, 1872.
    Printing : 
    (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400, Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450; (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S.A. 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S.A., 1884.
    Printing Press, Movable Type : 
    Johannes Gutenburg, Germany, c.1450.
    Proton : 
    Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.
    Pulsars : 
    Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

    Q

    Quantum Theory : 
    (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, Germany, 1925.

    R

    Rabies Immunization : 
    Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.
    Radar : 
    (limited range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S.A., 1925; (first practical radar-radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934-1935.
    Radio : 
    (electromagnetism theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Macroni, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.A., 1912; (frequency modulation-FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.A., 1933.
    Radiocarbon Dating, Carbon-14 Method : 
    (discovered) Willard F. Libby, U.S.A., 1947; (first demonstrated) U.S.A., 1950.
    Razor : 
    (safety) King Gillette, U.S.A., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S.A., 1928, 1931.
    Refrigerator : 
    Alexander Twining, U.S.A., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S.A., 1913.
    Remote Control, Television : 
    Robert Adler, U.S.A., 1950.
    Richter Scale : 
    Charles F. Richter, U.S.A., 1935.
    Rifle : 
    (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S.A., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S.A., 1918.
    Rocket : 
    (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S.A., 1926.
    Rotation of Earth : 
    Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.
    Rubber : 
    (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S.A., 1839.

    S

    Saccharin : 
    Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S.A., 1879.
    Safety Pin : 
    Walter Hunt, U.S.A., 1849.
    Saturn, Ring Around : 
    Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.
    Seismograph : 
    (first accurate) John Bohlin, Sweden, 1962.
    Sewing Machine : 
    Elias Howe, U.S.A., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S.A., 1851.
    Spectrum : 
    Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665-1666.
    Steam Engine : 
    Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782; (high-pressure) Oliver Evans, U.S.A., 1804.
    Steel, Stainless : 
    Harry Brearley, U.K., 1914.
    Stethoscope : 
    Rene Laennec, France, 1819.
    Submarine : 
    Cornelis Drebbel, The Netherlands, 1620.

    T

    Tank, Military : 
    Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.
    Tape Recorder : 
    Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.
    Teflon : 
    DuPont, U.S.A., 1943.
    Telegraph : 
    Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S.A., 1837.
    Telephone : 
    Alexander Graham Bell, U.S.A., 1837.
    Telephoe, Mobile : 
    Bell Laboratories, U.S.A., 1946.
    Telescope : 
    Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.
    Television : 
    Vladimir Zworykin, U.S.A., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube) 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demaonstrated by J. L. Baird, Scotland, C. F. Jenkins, U.S.A., 1926; (first all-electric television image) Philo T. Famsworth, U.S.A., 1927; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S.A., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S.A., National Television Systems committee, 1953.
    Thermodynamics : 
    (first law : energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one from to another) Julius Von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law : heat cannot itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law : the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernstm Germany, 1918.
    Thermometer : 
    (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
    Tire, Pneumatic : 
    Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.
    Transformer, Electric : 
    William Stanely, U.S.A., 1885.
    Transistor : 
    John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S.A., 1947.
    Typewriter : 
    Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S.A., 1867.

    V

    Velcro : 
    George de Mestral, Switzerland, 1948.
    Video Disk : 
    Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.
    Vitamins : 
    (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S.A., 1912-1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S.A., 1915-1916; (thiamin B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; ( riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S.A., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S.A., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S.A., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S.A., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.

    W

    Wheel : 
    (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800-3600 B.C.
    Windmill : 
    Persia, c.600.
    World Wide Web : 
    (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S.A., 1993.

    X

    X-ray Imaging : 
    Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, Germany, 1895.
    Xerography : 
    Chester Carlson, U.S.A., 1900.

    Z

    Zero : 
    India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.