darwin

  • January 7 – History, Events, Births, Deaths, Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • 1325 – Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal.
    • 1558 – French troops, led by Francis, Duke of Guise, take Calais, the last continental possession of England.
    • 1608 – Fire destroys Jamestown, Virginia.
    • 1610 – Galileo Galilei makes his first observation of the four Galilean moons: Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa, although he is not able to distinguish the last two until the following day.
    • 1738 – A peace treaty is signed between Peshwa Bajirao and Jai Singh II following Maratha victory in the Battle of Bhopal.
    • 1782 – The first American commercial bank, the Bank of North America, opens.
    • 1785 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England, to Calais, France, in a gas balloon.
    • 1835 – HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin on board, drops anchor off the Chonos Archipelago.
    • 1894 – Thomas Edison makes a kinetoscopic film of someone sneezing. On the same day, his employee, William Kennedy Dickson, receives a patent for motion picture film.
    • 1904 – The distress signal “CQD” is established only to be replaced two years later by “SOS”.
    • 1919 – Montenegrin guerrilla fighters rebel against the planned annexation of Montenegro by Serbia, but fail.
    • 1920 – The New York State Assembly refuses to seat five duly elected Socialist assemblymen.
    • 1922 – Dáil Éireann ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by a 64–57 vote.
    • 1927 – The first transatlantic telephone service is established from New York City to London.
    • 1928 – A disastrous flood of the River Thames kills 14 people and causes extensive damage to much of riverside London.
    • 1931 – Guy Menzies flies the first solo non-stop trans-Tasman flight (from Australia to New Zealand) in 11 hours and 45 minutes, crash-landing on New Zealand’s west coast.
    • 1935 – Benito Mussolini and French Foreign minister Pierre Laval sign the Franco-Italian Agreement.
    • 1940 – Winter War: Battle of Raate Road – The Finnish 9th Division finally defeat the numerically superior Soviet forces on the Raate-Suomussalmi road.
    • 1948 – Kentucky Air National Guard pilot Thomas Mantell crashes while in pursuit of a supposed UFO.
    • 1954 – Georgetown-IBM experiment: The first public demonstration of a machine translation system is held in New York at the head office of IBM.
    • 1955 – Contralto Marian Anderson becomes the first person of color to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in Giuseppe Verdi’s Un ballo in maschera.
    • 1959 – The United States recognizes the new Cuban government of Fidel Castro.
    • 1968 – Surveyor Program: Surveyor 7, the last spacecraft in the Surveyor series, lifts off from launch complex 36A, Cape Canaveral.
    • 1973 – In his second shooting spree of the week, Mark Essex fatally shoots seven people and wounds five others at Howard Johnson’s Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana, before being shot to death by police officers.
    • 1979 – Third Indochina War: Cambodian–Vietnamese War: Phnom Penh falls to the advancing Vietnamese troops, driving out Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge.
    • 1980 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter authorizes legislation giving $1.5 billion in loans to bail out the Chrysler Corporation.
    • 1984 – Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
    • 1985 – Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launches Sakigake, Japan’s first interplanetary spacecraft and the first deep space probe to be launched by any country other than the United States or the Soviet Union.
    • 1991 – Roger Lafontant, former leader of the Tonton Macoute in Haiti under François Duvalier, attempts a coup d’état, which ends in his arrest.
    • 1993 – The Fourth Republic of Ghana is inaugurated with Jerry Rawlings as President.
    • 1993 – Bosnian War: The Bosnian Army executes a surprise attack at the village of Kravica in Srebrenica.
    • 1999 – The Senate trial in the impeachment of U.S. President Bill Clinton begins.
    • 2012 – A hot air balloon crashes near Carterton, New Zealand, killing all 11 people on board.
    • 2015 – Two gunmen commit mass murder at the offices of Charlie Hebdo in Paris, shooting twelve people execution style, and wounding eleven others.
    • 2015 – A car bomb explodes outside a police college in the Yemeni capital Sana’a with at least 38 people reported dead and more than 63 injured.
    • 2020 – The 6.4Mw  2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes kill four and injure nine in southern Puerto Rico.

    Births on January 7

    • 889 – Li Bian, emperor of Southern Tang (d. 943)
    • 1355 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, English politician, Lord High Constable of England (d. 1397)
    • 1502 – Pope Gregory XIII (d. 1585)
    • 1634 – Adam Krieger, German organist and composer (d. 1666)
    • 1647 – William Louis, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1677)
    • 1685 – Jonas Alströmer, Swedish agronomist and businessman (d. 1761)
    • 1706 – Johann Heinrich Zedler, German publisher (d. 1751)
    • 1713 – Giovanni Battista Locatelli, Italian director and manager (d. 1785)
    • 1718 – Israel Putnam, American general (d. 1790)
    • 1746 – George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith, Scottish admiral and politician (d. 1823)
    • 1768 – Joseph Bonaparte, Italian king (d. 1844)
    • 1797 – Mariano Paredes, Mexican general and 16th president (1845-1846) (d. 1849)
    • 1800 – Millard Fillmore, American politician, 13th President of the United States (d. 1874)
    • 1814 – Robert Nicoll, Scottish poet (d.1837)
    • 1815 – Elizabeth Louisa Foster Mather, American writer (d.1882)
    • 1827 – Sandford Fleming, Scottish-Canadian engineer, created Universal Standard Time (d. 1915)
    • 1830 – Albert Bierstadt, American painter (d. 1902)
    • 1831 – Heinrich von Stephan, German postman, founded the Universal Postal Union (d. 1897)
    • 1832 – James Munro, Scottish-Australian publisher and politician, 15th Premier of Victoria (d. 1908)
    • 1834 – Johann Philipp Reis, German physicist and academic, invented the Reis telephone (d. 1874)
    • 1837 – Thomas Henry Ismay, English businessman, founded the White Star Line Shipping Company (d. 1899)
    • 1844 – Bernadette Soubirous, French nun and saint (d. 1879)
    • 1858 – Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Belarusian lexicographer and journalist (d. 1922)
    • 1863 – Anna Murray Vail, American botanist and first librarian of the New York Botanical Garden (d. 1955)
    • 1871 – Émile Borel, French mathematician and politician (d. 1956)
    • 1873 – Charles Péguy, French poet and journalist (d. 1914)
    • 1873 – Adolph Zukor, Hungarian-American film producer, co-founded Paramount Pictures (d. 1976)
    • 1875 – Gustav Flatow, German gymnast (d. 1945)
    • 1876 – William Hurlstone, English pianist and composer (d. 1906)
    • 1877 – William Clarence Matthews, American baseball player, coach, and lawyer (d. 1928)
    • 1889 – Vera de Bosset, Russian-American ballerina (d. 1982)
    • 1891 – Zora Neale Hurston, American novelist, short story writer, and folklorist (d. 1960)
    • 1895 – Hudson Fysh, Australian pilot and businessman, co-founded Qantas Airways Limited (d. 1974)
    • 1899 – Al Bowlly, Mozambican-English singer-songwriter (disputed; d. 1941)
    • 1899 – Francis Poulenc, French pianist and composer (d. 1963)
    • 1900 – John Brownlee, Australian actor and singer (d. 1969)
    • 1906 – Red Allen, American trumpet player (d. 1967)
    • 1910 – Orval Faubus, American soldier and politician, 36th Governor of Arkansas (d. 1994)
    • 1912 – Charles Addams, American cartoonist, created The Addams Family (d. 1988)
    • 1913 – Johnny Mize, American baseball player, coach, and sportscaster (d. 1993)
    • 1916 – W. L. Jeyasingham, Sri Lankan geographer and academic (d. 1989)
    • 1916 – Babe Pratt, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1988)
    • 1920 – Vincent Gardenia, Italian-American actor (d. 1992)
    • 1921 – Esmeralda Arboleda Cadavid, Colombian politician (d. 1997)
    • 1921 – Chester Kallman, American poet and translator (d. 1975)
    • 1922 – Alvin Dark, American baseball player and manager (d. 2014)
    • 1922 – Jean-Pierre Rampal, French flute player (d. 2000)
    • 1923 – Hugh Kenner, Canadian scholar and critic (d. 2003)
    • 1925 – Gerald Durrell, Indian-English zookeeper, conservationist and author, founded Durrell Wildlife Park (d. 1995)
    • 1926 – Kim Jong-pil, South Korean lieutenant and politician, 11th Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 2018)
    • 1928 – William Peter Blatty, American author and screenwriter (d. 2017)
    • 1929 – Robert Juniper, Australian painter and sculptor (d. 2012)
    • 1929 – Terry Moore, American actress
    • 1931 – Mirja Hietamies, Finnish skier (d. 2013)
    • 1933 – Elliott Kastner, American-English film producer (d. 2010)
    • 1934 – Jean Corbeil, Canadian lawyer and politician, 29th Canadian Minister of Labour (d. 2002)
    • 1934 – Tassos Papadopoulos, Cypriot lawyer and politician, 5th President of Cyprus (d. 2008)
    • 1935 – Li Shengjiao, Chinese diplomat and international jurist (d. 2017)
    • 1935 – Kenny Davern, American clarinet player and saxophonist (d. 2006)
    • 1935 – Valeri Kubasov, Russian engineer and astronaut (d. 2014)
    • 1941 – Iona Brown, English violinist and conductor (d. 2004)
    • 1941 – John E. Walker, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
    • 1942 – Vasily Alekseyev, Russian-German weightlifter and coach (d. 2011)
    • 1943 – Sadako Sasaki, Japanese survivor of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, known for one thousand origami cranes (d. 1955)
    • 1944 – Mike McGear, British performing artist and rock photographer
    • 1944 – Kotaro Suzumura, Japanese economist and academic (d. 2020)
    • 1945 – Raila Odinga, Kenyan engineer and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Kenya
    • 1946 – Jann Wenner, American publisher, co-founded Rolling Stone
    • 1947 – Tony Elliott, English publisher, founded Time Out
    • 1948 – Kenny Loggins, American singer-songwriter
    • 1948 – Ichirou Mizuki, Japanese singer-songwriter
    • 1950 – Juan Gabriel, Mexican singer-songwriter (d. 2016)
    • 1952 – Sammo Hung, Hong Kong actor, director, producer, and martial artist
    • 1953 – Robert Longo, American painter and sculptor
    • 1954 – Alan Butcher, English cricketer and coach
    • 1955 – Mamata Shankar, Indian-Bengali actress
    • 1956 – David Caruso, American actor
    • 1957 – Katie Couric, American television journalist, anchor, and author
    • 1959 – Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon, English accountant and politician
    • 1959 – Kathy Valentine, American bass player and songwriter
    • 1960 – Loretta Sanchez, American politician
    • 1961 – John Thune, American lawyer and politician
    • 1962 – Aleksandr Dugin, Russian political analyst and strategist known for his fascist views
    • 1962 – Ron Rivera, American football player and coach
    • 1964 – Nicolas Cage, American actor
    • 1965 – Alessandro Lambruschini, Italian runner
    • 1967 – Nick Clegg, English academic and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
    • 1969 – Marco Simone, Italian footballer and manager
    • 1970 – Andy Burnham, English politician
    • 1971 – Jeremy Renner, American actor
    • 1972 – Donald Brashear, American-Canadian ice hockey player and mixed martial artist
    • 1974 – Alenka Bikar, Slovenian sprinter and politician
    • 1976 – Vic Darchinyan, Armenian-Australian boxer
    • 1976 – Alfonso Soriano, Dominican baseball player
    • 1977 – Sofi Oksanen, Finnish author and playwright
    • 1979 – Aloe Blacc, American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, businessman and philanthropist.
    • 1982 – Francisco Rodríguez, Venezuelan baseball player
    • 1982 – Hannah Stockbauer, German swimmer
    • 1983 – Edwin Encarnación, Dominican baseball player
    • 1985 – Lewis Hamilton, English racing driver
    • 1986 – Wayne Routledge, English footballer winger
    • 1987 – Stefan Babović, Serbian footballer
    • 1987 – Lyndsy Fonseca, American actress
    • 1987 – Davide Astori, Italian footballer (d. 2018)
    • 1990 – Gregor Schlierenzauer, Austrian ski jumper
    • 1991 – Eden Hazard, Belgian footballer
    • 1991 – Caster Semenya, South African sprinter

    Deaths on January 7

    • 312 – Lucian of Antioch, Christian martyr, saint, and theologian (b. 240)
    • 838 – Babak Khorramdin, Iranian leader of the Khurramite uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate
    • 856 – Aldric, bishop of Le Mans
    • 1131 – Canute Lavard, Danish prince and saint (b. 1096)
    • 1285 – Charles I of Naples (b. 1226)
    • 1325 – Denis of Portugal (b. 1261)
    • 1355 – Inês de Castro, Castilian noblewoman (b. 1325)
    • 1400 – John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English Earl (b. 1350)
    • 1451 – Amadeus VIII of Savoy a.k.a. Antipope Felix V (b. 1383)
    • 1529 – Peter Vischer the Elder, German sculptor (b. 1455)
    • 1536 – Catherine of Aragon (b. 1485)
    • 1566 – Louis de Blois, Flemish monk and author (b. 1506)
    • 1619 – Nicholas Hilliard, English painter and goldsmith (b. 1547)
    • 1625 – Ruggiero Giovannelli, Italian composer and author (b. 1560)
    • 1655 – Pope Innocent X (b. 1574)
    • 1658 – Theophilus Eaton, American farmer and politician, 1st Governor of the New Haven Colony (b. 1590)
    • 1694 – Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Gloucestershire (b. 1618)
    • 1700 – Raffaello Fabretti, Italian scholar and author (b. 1618)
    • 1715 – François Fénelon, French archbishop, theologian, and poet (b. 1651)
    • 1758 – Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet and playwright (b. 1686)
    • 1767 – Thomas Clap, American minister and academic (b. 1703)
    • 1770 – Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish politician and diplomat (b. 1695)
    • 1812 – Joseph Dennie, American journalist and author (b. 1768)
    • 1830 – John Thomas Campbell, Irish-Australian public servant and politician (b. 1770)
    • 1830 – Thomas Lawrence, English painter and educator (b. 1769)
    • 1858 – Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Ottoman politician, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1800)
    • 1864 – Caleb Blood Smith, American journalist and politician, 6th U.S. Secretary of the Interior (b. 1808)
    • 1892 – Tewfik Pasha, Egyptian ruler (b. 1852)
    • 1893 – Josef Stefan, Slovenian physicist and mathematician (b. 1835)
    • 1919 – Henry Ware Eliot, American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Washington University in St. Louis (b. 1843)
    • 1920 – Edmund Barton, Australian judge and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1849)
    • 1927 – Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, Greek politician, 99th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1851)
    • 1931 – Edward Channing, American historian and author (b. 1856)
    • 1932 – André Maginot, French sergeant and politician (b. 1877)
    • 1936 – Guy d’Hardelot, French pianist and composer (b. 1858)
    • 1941 – Charles Finger, English journalist and author (b. 1869)
    • 1943 – Nikola Tesla, Serbian-American physicist and engineer (b. 1856)
    • 1951 – René Guénon, French-Egyptian philosopher and author (b. 1886)
    • 1960 – Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers, English tennis player and coach (b. 1878)
    • 1963 – Arthur Edward Moore, New Zealand-Australian farmer and politician, 23rd Premier of Queensland (b. 1876)
    • 1964 – Reg Parnell, English racing driver and manager (b. 1911)
    • 1967 – David Goodis, American author and screenwriter (b. 1917)
    • 1967 – Carl Schuricht, German-Swiss conductor (b. 1880)
    • 1968 – J. L. B. Smith, South African chemist and academic (b. 1897)
    • 1972 – John Berryman, American poet and scholar (b. 1914)
    • 1981 – Alvar Lidell, English journalist and radio announcer(b. 1908)
    • 1981 – Eric Robinson, Australian businessman and politician, 2nd Australian Minister for Finance (b. 1926)
    • 1984 – Alfred Kastler, German-French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
    • 1986 – Juan Rulfo, Mexican author, screenwriter, and photographer (b. 1917)
    • 1988 – Zara Cisco Brough, American Nipmuc Indian chief and fashion designer (b.1919)
    • 1988 – Trevor Howard, English actor (b. 1913)
    • 1989 – Hirohito, Japanese emperor (b. 1901)
    • 1990 – Bronko Nagurski, Canadian-American football player and wrestler (b. 1908)
    • 1992 – Richard Hunt, American puppeteer and voice actor (b. 1951)
    • 1995 – Murray Rothbard, American economist, historian, and theorist (b. 1926)
    • 1996 – Károly Grósz, Hungarian politician, 51st Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1930)
    • 1998 – Owen Bradley, American record producer (b. 1915)
    • 1998 – Vladimir Prelog, Croatian-Swiss chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
    • 2000 – Gary Albright, American wrestler (b. 1963)
    • 2001 – James Carr, American singer (b. 1942)
    • 2002 – Avery Schreiber, American comedian and actor (b. 1935)
    • 2004 – Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (b. 1926)
    • 2005 – Pierre Daninos, French author (b. 1913)
    • 2006 – Heinrich Harrer, Austrian mountaineer, geographer, and author (b. 1912)
    • 2007 – Bobby Hamilton, American race car driver and businessman (b. 1957)
    • 2007 – Magnus Magnusson, Icelandic journalist, author, and academic (b. 1929)
    • 2008 – Alwyn Schlebusch, South African academic and politician, Vice State President of South Africa (b. 1917)
    • 2012 – Tony Blankley, British-born American child actor, journalist and pundit (b. 1948)
    • 2014 – Run Run Shaw, Chinese-Hong Kong businessman and philanthropist, founded Shaw Brothers Studio and TVB (b. 1907)
    • 2015 – Mompati Merafhe, Botswana general and politician, Vice-President of Botswana (b. 1936)
    • 2015 – Rod Taylor, Australian-American actor and screenwriter (b. 1930)
    • 2015 – Georges Wolinski, Tunisian-French cartoonist (b. 1934)
    • 2016 – Bill Foster, American basketball player and coach (b. 1929)
    • 2016 – John Johnson, American basketball player (b. 1947)
    • 2016 – Kitty Kallen, American singer (b. 1921)
    • 2016 – Judith Kaye, American lawyer and jurist (b. 1938)
    • 2016 – Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, Indian lawyer and politician, Indian Minister of Home Affairs (b. 1936)
    • 2017 – Mário Soares, Portuguese politician; 16th President of Portugal (b. 1924)
    • 2018 – Jim Anderton, Former New Zealand Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1938)
    • 2018 – France Gall, French singer (b. 1947)

    Holidays and observances on January 7

    • Christian Feast Day:
      • André Bessette (Canada)
      • Canute Lavard
      • Charles of Sezze
      • Felix and Januarius
      • Lucian of Antioch
      • Raymond of Penyafort
      • Synaxis of John the Forerunner & Baptist (Julian Calendar)
      • January 7 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Christmas (Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches using the Julian Calendar, Rastafari)
      • Christmas in Russia
      • Christmas in Ukraine
      • Remembrance Day of the Dead (Armenia)
    • Distaff Day (medieval Europe)
    • Earliest day on which Plough Monday can fall, while January 13 is the latest; celebrated on Monday after Epiphany (Europe).
    • Nanakusa no sekku (Japan)
    • Pioneer’s Day (Liberia)
    • Tricolour day or Festa del Tricolore (Italy)
    • Victory from Genocide Day (Cambodia)
  • | | |

    ABC of Biology

    اینٹی بوڈی(Antibody)

    جسم میں پیدا ہونے والی وہ خاص پروٹین جو جرمز کو ختم کرنے میں مدد دیتی ہے۔

    *بائیو سفئیر(Biosphere)*

    ارتھ کا وہ سارا حصہ جہاں زندگی موجود ہے۔

    *کارنی وور(Carnivore)*
    وہ جانور جو گوشت کھاتے ہیں۔

    *ڈارون(Darwin)*
    **وہ بائیولوجسٹ جس کا نام سن کر خاص قسم کے شدید غیر سائنسی سوچ رکھنے والے لوگوں کو غصہ آجاتا ہے۔

    *ایکولوجی(Ecology)*
    بائیولوجی کی وہ شاخ جس میں یہ سٹڈی کیا جاتا ہے کہ جاندار دوسرے جانداروں اور ماحول سے کیسے انٹریکٹ کرتے ہیں۔

    *فرٹیلائزیشن(Fertilization)*
    ایگ کے نیوکلئیس کے ساتھ سپرم کے نیوکلئیس کا ملنا۔

    *جین(Gene)*

    ڈی این اے کا ایک مخصوص حصہ جو ایک مخصوص کام کرتا ہے۔ مثال کے طور پر آنکھوں کی رنگت اور سکن کی رنگت ڈیفائن کرنے والی جینز۔

    *ہربی وور(Herbivore)*
    سبزی خور جانور۔

    *انسولن(Insulin)*

    خون میں سے ایکسٹرا گلوکوز کم کرنے والا ہارمون۔

    *جوائنٹ(Joint)*

    وہ جگہ جہاں جسم کی دو ہڈیاں آپسمیں ملتی ہیں۔ جوائنٹ متحرک بھی ہو سکتا ہے اور غیر متحرک بھی۔ ہاتھوں کی انگلیوں کے جوائنٹس متحرک ہیں جبکہ دماغ کے اوپر موجود ہڈیوں کے جوائنٹس بالکل حرکت نہیں کرتے۔

    *کڈنی(Kidney)*

    خون کو فلٹر کر کے اس میں سے بیکار چیزوں کو الگ کر کے یورین بنانے والا اورگن۔
    *لیوکوسائٹس(Leucocyte)*
    جسم کا دفاع کرنے والے وائیٹ بلڈ سیلز۔

    *مائٹوکونڈریون(Mitochondrion)*

    سیل میں اینرجی پیدا کرنے والا پاور ہاؤس۔

    *نیفرونز(Nephrons)*

    کڈنی میں خون کو فلٹر کر کے یورین تیار کرنے والے ٹیوبیولز۔

    *اومنی وور(Omnivore)*
    ایسے جاندار جو گوشت بھی کھا سکتے ہیں اور پودے بھی۔

    *پینکریاز(Pancreas)*

    جسم کا وہ حصہ جو انسولن پیدا کرتا ہے۔

    *کواڈروپلیٹس(Quadruplets)*
    جیسے ایک وقت میں پیدا ہونے والے دو بچوں کو ٹونز کہا جاتا ہے ایسے ہی بیک وقت پیدا ہونے والے چار بچوں کو کواڈروپلیٹس کہا جاتا ہے۔

    *رائبوسومز(Ribosome)*
    سیل میں پروٹین بنانے والی فیکٹریاں۔

    *سیکسوئل ریپروڈکشن(Sexual Reproduction)*

    ریپروڈکشن کا وہ طریقہ جس میں دو جانداروں کے جینیٹک مٹیریل کے ملنے سے اگلی نسل کے جاندار پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔

    *تھیوری(Theory)*
    بہت زیادہ ملتے جلتے قدرتی مظاہر کی سائنسی وضاحت کو تھیوری کہا جاتا ہے۔ ایک تھیوری کو بہت زیادہ شواہد سپورٹ کرتے ہیں اور سائنس میں تھیوری سے بڑھ اور کچھ بھی نہیں ہوتا۔ مثال کے طور پر تھیوری اوف ایولوشن نا صرف بائیولوجی، بلکہ سائنس کی کامیاب ترین تھیوریز میں سے ایک ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ تھیوری اوف ایولوشن یہ جاننے کا پیمانہ ہے کہ کسی انسان کے پاس بائیولوجی کا کتنا علم موجود ہے۔ اگر لوگ آپ سے یہ کہہ دیں کہ تھیوری اوف ایولوشن “بس ایک تھیوری ہے” یا یہ ایک غلط تھیوری ہے تو فوری سمجھ جائیے گا کہ ان لوگوں نا بائیولوجی آتی ہے اور نا ہی وہ سائنس کی الف ب سے واقف ہیں۔

    *یوریٹر(Ureter)*

    کڈنی سے یورین کو مثانے میں لانے والی نالی۔

    *ویکسین(Vaccine)*

    کوئی بھی ایسی چیز جو جسم کے امیون سسٹم کو ایکٹیویٹ کر دے تاکہ مستقبل میں کسی مخصوص بیماری کے جرمز جسم کو نقصان نا پہنچا سکیں۔

    * واٹر سائیکل(Water Cycle)*

    پانی کا بخارات کی شکل میں ہوا میں جانا اور پھر بارش یا برف کی شکل میں واپس آنا۔

    *زائیلم(Xylem)*

    پودوں میں واٹر کو ٹرانسپورٹ کرنے اور پودے کو سپورٹ دینے والی ایک ٹشو۔

    *ییسٹ(Yeast)*

    ایک یونی سیلولر فنگس۔ فنگس فنجائی کی جمع ہے۔ ڈبل روٹی پر لگنے والے پھپھوندی بھی فنجائی کی ایک قسم ہے۔

    *زائیگوٹ(Zygote)*

    ایگ کے نیوکلئیس کے ساتھ جب سپرم کا نیوکلئیس مل جاتا ہے تو ایگ فرٹیلائزڈ ہو جاتا ہے۔ فرٹیلائزڈ ایگ کو زائیگوٹ کہتے ہیں۔ جن جانداروں میں زائیگوٹ بنتا ہے ان کی زندگی کا باقاعدہ آغاز زائیگوٹ سے ہی ہوتا ہے۔ انسان بھی ان جانداروں میں شامل ہیں۔

  • |

    General Science & Ability MCQs (Natural Hazards and Disasters, Set-II)

    Click HERE for previous questions.

    An example of a shield volcano is
    (a) Mount Fuji
    (b) Mount Pinatubo
    (c) Puy de Dome
    (d) Mauna Loa
    Answer: (d)
    Mauna Loa is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.Mauna Loa is a shield volcano that has erupted some three dozen times since its first well-documented eruption in 1843

    Volcanoes that have erupted in historic times and are still likely to erupt, are known as
    (a) Active volcanoes
    (b) Dormant volcanoes
    (c) Extinct volcanoes
    (d) Instinct volcanoes
    Answer: (b)

    Top of magma is forced onto Earth’s surface is known as
    (a) Vent
    (b) Cone
    (c) Pipe
    (d) Crater
    Answer: (d)
    A volcanic crater is a roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature within which occurs a vent or vents

    Volcano that forms from column of magma is called a/an
    (a) underwater volcano
    (b) convergent volcano
    (c) divergent volcano
    (d) hot spot volcano
    Answer: (d)

    Reference to how thick a liquid is known as
    (a) density
    (b) conductivity
    (c) viscosity
    (d) volatility
    Answer: (c)

    Fluidity of lava is determined by amount of
    (a) copper
    (b) iron
    (c) nickel
    (d) silica
    Answer: (d)

    A flash flood is a flood that:
    (a) is caused by heavy rain rather than from the flooding of a river
    (b) occurs in urban areas
    (c) occurs suddenly and unexpectedly and for a short duration
    (d) is caused by the blocking of drains.
    Answer: (c)
    Flash floods are defined by the speed of flooding, not the source or location of flooding. While flash floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, they can also result from other events, such as drain blockages and bursts or the flooding of a river.

    Monsoon is caused by: (CSS-2009)
    (a) Seasonal reversal of winds
    (b) Revolution of earth
    (c) Movement of clouds
    (d) Rise in temperature
    (e) Rain forests
    Answer: (a)
    The monsoon, which is essentially the seasonal reversal in wind direction, causes most of the rainfall received in Pakistan and some other parts of the world. The primary cause of monsoons is the difference between annual temperature trends over land and sea. The apparent position of the Sun with reference to the Earth oscillates from the Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn. Thus the low pressure region created by solar heating also changes latitude. The northeast and southeast trade winds converge in this low pressure zone, which is also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ. This low pressure regions sees continuous rise of moist wind from the sea surface to the upper layers of the atmosphere, where the cooling means the air can no longer hold so much moisture resulting in precipitation. The rainy seasons of East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Australia and the southern parts of North America coincide with the shift of ITCZ towards these regions.

    A flood can vary in:
    (a) size
    (b) speed of water flow
    (c) duration
    (d) all of the above.
    Answer: (d)
    The size, duration and water flow speed of floods can vary. The volume, rate of rise and areal extent (i.e. the total area under flood waters) of flooding can also vary.

    When a river’s water level reaches 10 meters, this means that:
    (a) the water level is 10 meters above an arbitrary ‘zero’ level
    (b) the water level is 10 meters above mean sea level
    (c) the water level is 10 meters above mean sea level or an arbitrary ‘zero’ level
    (d) it will flood.
    Answer: (c)
    River height is the level of water in a river as measured by a river gauging station and is expressed in meters above either the Australian Height Datum (i.e. mean sea level) or an alternative arbitrary ‘zero’ level, depending on the location.

    The size of a flood is measured by:
    (a) the rate of flow of water in a waterway or river
    (b) the level of water in a waterway or river
    (c) a river gauging station
    (d) all of the above.
    Answer: (d)
    The size of a flood can be measured by the highest level that water in a waterway reaches, referred to as the ‘peak water level’ or ‘flood peak’. It can also be measured by the maximum water flow rate in a waterway, referred to as the ‘peak flow rate’ or ‘peak water flow’. Each of these variables can be measured using a river gauging station.

    Which of the following is associated with a La Niña event?
    (a) The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is strongly negative.
    (b) The ocean surface off the coast of South America is warmer than usual.
    (c) There is an increased chance of above average rainfall in eastern Australia.
    (d) All of the above.
    Answer: (c)
    In a La Niña event, the equatorial ocean surface off the coast of South America is abnormally cool, and the SOI is strongly positive. Trade winds blow strongly across the warm Pacific, picking up plenty of moisture and increasing the likelihood of above average rainfall in eastern Australia.

    Which of the following potentially affects the size of a flood?
    (a) bridges and other structures in waterways
    (b) the size and windiness of a river
    (c) vegetation in and around a river
    (d) all of the above.
    Answer: (d)
    Many factors can affect the size of a flood, including rainfall intensity, weather conditions prior to a rainfall event, tidal and storm surges, dams and other man-made and natural water storages, catchment size and shape, soil types in a catchment, vegetation in and around a waterway, the size and windiness of a waterway, levees, bridges and other structures in waterways and catchments, and urbanization.

    Seasons are generated by (CSS-2012)
    (a) The movement of sun around the Milky Way
    (b) The movement of the earth around the sun
    (c) Relativistic Quantum
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (b)

    The 2010 floods had cost the Pakistan’s economy around
    (a) $17b
    (b) $11b
    (c) $10b
    (d) $13b
    Answer: (c)
    It estimates that just a little less than 1pc of Pakistan’s GDP is exposed to river floods every year. It is ranked 16th by the WRI on the list of the top 20 countries with the highest GDP exposure to river floods.
    The World Resources Institute (WRI) says Pakistan falls 5th on the list of top 15 countries that account for 80pc of the population exposed to river-flood risk worldwide.

    In Pakistan, the most expensive natural disaster is:
    (a) Drought
    (b) Floods
    (c) Bushfires
    (d) Cyclones.
    Answer: (b)
    Pakistan faces a major financing challenge arising from natural catastrophes, with flooding causing an estimated annual economic impact of between three and four per cent of the federal budget,” adds the report. It estimates the annual economic impact of flooding at between $1.2bn and $1.8bn, or 0.5-0.8pc of GDP.

    Which of the following is an environmental consequence of floods?
    (a) dispersal of weed species
    (b) erosion of soil
    (c) release of pollutants into waterways
    (d) all of the above.
    Answer: (d)
    Floods can have negative environmental consequences, such as soil erosion, release of pollutants and excess sediments and nutrients into waterways and the ocean, dispersal of weed species, and negative impacts on fish and other aquatic life. Floods can also have positive environmental consequences, such as recharging groundwater systems, filling wetlands, moving useful nutrients around the landscape, and triggering breeding events (for example, of water birds).

    Which of the following is used to estimate which areas will be inundated during a flood, based on river height information?
    (a) satellite and radar images
    (b) flood maps / floodplain hydraulic models
    (c) river gauging stations
    (d) all of the above.
    Answer: (b)
    Floodplain hydraulic models and flood maps are used to estimate which areas will be inundated based on river height information. Satellite and radar images, rain gauges and river gauging stations are used to estimate river heights.

    Which of the following statements is false?
    (a) Weather forecasts for a small region are more accurate than those for a large region.
    (b) Weather forecasts are more accurate in Melbourne than in Darwin.
    (c) Forecasts of temperature are more accurate than forecasts of rainfall.
    (d) All of the above.
    Answer: (a)
    The accuracy of weather forecasts varies depending on lead time, the size of the region of interest, the weather variable being forecast, and the latitude of the region. Generally, temperature forecasts are more accurate than rainfall forecasts; the mid-latitudes are easier to forecast than the tropics; and it is generally easier to forecast rainfall over a large area (for example, a large catchment) than local rainfall (for example, a reservoir).

    Which of the following is true? Flood warnings:
    (a) should not be released until the information is certain
    (b) should indicate what the threat is, what
    (c) action should be taken, by whom and when
    (d) are best if they come from a single source
    (e) all of the above.
    Answer: (b)
    Flood warnings should provide information on what the threat is, what action should be taken, by whom and when. While it is desirable for flood warnings to be accurate, warnings are predictions about the future, so there is inevitably some uncertainty. Accuracy needs to be balanced with timeliness, to allow enough time for appropriate action. Warnings are most likely to reach different audiences and to be heeded if they come from multiple trusted sources.

    Flood risk refers to:
    (a) the chance of a flood occurring
    (b) the number of people and properties exposed to floodwaters if a flood occurs
    (c) the vulnerability of people and properties that are exposed to floodwaters
    (d) all of the above.
    Answer: (d)
    Flood risk includes both the chance (or probability) of a flood occurring, and the consequences if a flood occurs. The consequences of a flood are in turn affected by the number of people and properties exposed to floodwaters for a flood of a particular size, and the vulnerability of those people and properties. For example, a river might burst its banks regularly, but if this flooding occurs in an isolated area where there are no people or infrastructure, then the risk is low. Similarly, a river might flood very rarely, but if many people and properties are located near this river and they live in dwellings that are vulnerable to water damage, then the flood risk will be greater.

    Which of the following can reduce the risk of flooding?
    (a) zonings and building regulations for new developments
    (b) dams, detention basins and levees
    (c) flood awareness and education programs
    (d) all of the above.
    Answer: (d)
    Flood risk in new developments can be reduced by restricting the location of development (zonings) and placing controls (regulations) on development. In existing developed areas, risk can be reduced by modifying flood behaviour (for example, through dams, detention basins, levees, waterway modifications), property modification measures (for example, land filling, flood proofing, house raising, removing developments), and response modification measures (for example, upgrading flood evacuation routes, flood warnings, flood evacuation planning, flood education programs).

    The Probable Maximum Flood is:
    (a) an estimation of the largest possible flood that could occur at a particular location
    (b) the maximum flood experienced in the last 100 years
    (c) the maximum flood experienced in the last 200 years
    (d) the maximum flood experienced since flood records have existed.
    Answer: (d)
    The Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) is an estimate of the largest possible flood that could occur at a particular location, under the most severe meteorological and hydrological conditions as they are currently understood.

    In the future, which of the following is expected to increase the risk of flooding?
    (a) population growth
    (b) urbanization
    (c) climate change
    (d) all of the above.
    Answer: (d)
    In the future, climate change is likely to result in an increased chance of flash floods and coastal inundation. Australia’s growing population and urbanization are likely to place increased pressure on our waterways and to increase the chance of flooding in cities and the number of properties and people exposed to floodwaters.

    In the future, which of the following is unlikely?
    (a) There will be an increased chance of flash flooding and coastal inundation.
    (b) Flood risk will increase due to population growth and urbanization.
    (c) Improvements in flood forecasting and warning technologies will reduce the impacts of floods.
    (d) We will be able to eliminate the risk of flooding.
    Answer: (d)
    It is not possible to eliminate the risk of flooding. Indeed, it is likely that flood risk will increase in the future due to climate change, population growth and urbanization. However, we can better manage flood risk through improvements in flood forecasting and warning technologies, as well as improved land use planning, floodplain management and integrated water management.

    Higher level of floods and droughts are led by
    (a) sand storms
    (b) lower precipitation
    (c) higher precipitation
    (d) none of the above
    Answer: (c)

    Approximately how fast do tsunami waves travel in the open ocean?
    (a) 100 km/hour
    (b) 1600 km/hour
    (c) 200 km/hour
    (d) 400 km/hour
    (e) 800 km/hour
    Answer: (e)

    Tsunami waves travel between 500 and 950 km/hour.
    What can cause a tsunami?
    (a) Landslide
    (b) Underwater earthquake
    (c) Volcanic eruption
    (d) All of the above
    Tsunamis are usually generated by undersea earthquakes at tectonic plate boundaries, but they can also be triggered by underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, or even a giant meteor impact with the ocean.

    Do all undersea earthquakes trigger a tsunami?
    (a) Yes
    (b) No
    Answer: (b)
    An undersea earthquake creates a tsunami only if it is of sufficient force and there is a violent enough movement of the seafloor to displace a massive amount of water.

    What does the word “tsunami” mean in Japanese?
    (a) Tidal wave
    (b) Harbor wave
    (c) Killer wave
    (d) Century wave
    Answer: (b)
    English word “tsunami” comes from the Japanese term for “harbor wave.” Tsunamis are not the same things as tidal waves and actually consist of a series of waves.

    Witnesses have said that an approaching tsunami sounds like what?
    (a) Firecrackers exploding
    (b) A freight train
    (c) Ice cracking
    (d) Nothing—there is absolute silence
    Answer: (b)
    Many witnesses have described the sound of an approaching tsunami as being similar to a freight train’s.

    What is the most active tsunami area?
    (a) Pacific Ocean
    (b) Caribbean Sea
    (c) Indian Ocean
    (d) North Atlantic Ocean
    Answer: (a)
    Most tsunamis, about 80 percent, happen within the Pacific Ocean’s Ring of Fire, a geologically active area where tectonic shifts make volcanoes and earthquakes common.

    What is the deadliest tsunami ever recorded?
    (a) The 1782 South China Sea tsunami
    (b) The 1868 northern Chile tsunami
    (c) The 1883 South Java Sea tsunami
    (d) The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
    Answer: (d)
    In 2004 more than 200,000 people—the most ever recorded—died in an Indian Ocean tsunami that was triggered by an earthquake off Sumatra, Indonesia.

    How fast can a tsunami travel?
    (a) Up to 100 miles an hour (160 kilometers an hour)
    (b) Up to 200 miles an hour (320 kilometers an hour)
    (c) Up to 500 miles an hour (800 kilometers an hour
    (d.) Up to 1,000 miles an hour (1,600 kilometers an hour)
    Answer: (c)
    Tsunamis race across the sea at up to 500 miles (805 kilometers) an hour—about as fast as a jet airplane. At that pace they can cross the entire expanse of the Pacific Ocean in less than a day.

    Can you detect a tsunami in the open ocean?
    (a) Yes
    (b) No
    Answer: (b)
    No. In the open ocean, the wave length of a tsunami is hundreds of miles long and only a few feet high. Boaters are safer out at sea during a tsunami than close to shore or tied up at port.

    Where was the largest tsunami in history recorded?
    (a) India
    (b) Philippines
    (c) Chile
    (d) Japan
    Answer: (d)
    In 1971 a wall of water 278 feet (84.7 meters) high surged past Ishigaki Island, Japan. It moved a 750-block of coral 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) closer to shore but did little other damage.

    What is frequently a warning sign of an impending tsunami?
    (a) Winds suddenly change direction
    (b) The sky suddenly clears
    (c) Seawater suddenly retreats from the shore
    (d) All of the above
    Answer: (c)
    If the tsunami’s trough reaches shore first, it sucks the water seaward, exposing the seafloor suddenly. The wave’s crest usually hits shore about five minutes later. Recognizing this phenomenon—and getting to higher ground immediately—can save lives.

    Which one of the following is an example of non-renewable resources?
    (a) Wind
    (b) Water
    (c) Vegetation
    (d) Coal and minerals
    Answer: (d)

    Which of the following is a renewable resource?
    (a) Soil
    (b) Water
    (c) Flora and fauna
    (d) All the above
    Answer: (d)

    _____ of stratosphere provides protection to our life.
    (a) Nitrogen
    (b) Hydrogen
    (c) Ozone
    (d) Argon
    Answer: 3

    The life supporting gases such as O2, CO2 and N2 are chiefly concentrated in the_______.
    (a) Troposphere
    (b) Exosphere
    (c) Homosphere
    (d) Stratosphere
    Answer: (a)

    Which of the following soil is the best for plant growth?
    (a) Sandy soil
    (b) Clay
    (c) Gravel
    (d) Loamy soil
    Answer: (d)

    Both power and manure are provided by _______.
    (a) Thermal plants
    (b) Nuclear plants
    (c) Biogas plants
    (d) Hydroelectric plants
    Answer: (c)

    In the atmosphere, the layer above the troposphere is _____.
    (a) Stratosphere
    (b) Exosphere
    (c) Mesosphere
    (d) Thermosphere
    Answer: (a)

    ______ is the major raw material for biogas.
    (a) Plant leaves
    (b) Cow dung
    (c) Mud
    (d) Grass
    Answer: (b)

    A biosphere reserve conserves and preserves_______.
    (a) Wild animals
    (b) Wild land
    (c) Natural vegetation
    (d) All the above
    Answer: (d)

    Atomic energy is obtained by using ores of_______.
    (a) Copper
    (b) Uranium
    Answer: (b)

    Sanctuaries are established to_______.
    (a) Rear animals for milk
    (b) Entrap animals
    (c) Protect animals
    (d) None of the above
    Answer: (c)
    An animal sanctuary is a facility where animals are brought to live and be protected for the rest of their lives. Unlike animal shelters, sanctuaries do not seek to place animals with individuals or groups, instead maintaining each animal until his or her natural death. At present there are 99 Wildlife Sanctuaries in Pakistan

    The death of the last individual of a species is called_______.
    (a) Extinction
    (b) Clad
    (c) Neither (a) nor (b)
    (d) Species diversity
    Answer: (a)
    In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point.

    Which one of the following is not a fossil fuel?
    (a) Natural gas
    (b) Petrol
    (c) Coal
    (d) Uranium
    Answer: (d)
    Fossil fuels are sources of energy that have developed within the earth over millions of years. Because fossil fuels – oil, natural gas, and coal – take so long to form, they are considered nonrenewable

    Biogas generation is mainly based on the principle of_______.
    (a) Fermentation
    (b) Degradation
    (c) Putrification
    (d) Both (a) and (b)
    Answer: (a)
    The biogas plant operating on the principle of a wet anaerobic fermentation process was selected for the determination of the composition of in-put raw material which is determinative for the final biogas quality. The biogas plant is designed as an accumulation through-flow device. The biogas production takes place during the wet fermentation process in the mesophile operation (average temperature 40°C). The produced biogas is used in a cogeneration unit. The biogas plant operates in automatic mode.

    Floods can be prevented by_______.
    (a) Afforestation
    (b) Cutting the forests
    (c) Tilling the land
    (d) Removing the top soil
    Answer: (a)
    Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificially (by direct seeding or planting).
    Afforestation Trees are planted near to the river. This means greater interception of rainwater and lower river discharge. This is a relatively low cost option, which enhances the environmental quality of the drainage basin.

    Download this in PDF

    The post General Science & Ability MCQs (Natural Hazards and Disasters, Set-II) appeared first on CSS Times.

  • | |

    Environmental Science MCQs | Sustainable Development Issues

    1) The expansion on PQLI is
    (a) Physical Quality of Life index
    (b) Physical Quantity of Life Index
    (c) Product Quality Lifecycle Implementation
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (a)

    2) Birth rate is called
    (a) Mortality
    (b) Vital index
    (c) Natality
    (d) Viability
    Answer: (c)

    3) Death rate of the population
    (a) Mortality
    (b) Viability
    (c) Natality
    (d) Vitality
    Answer: (a)

    4) The Anthrax disease is caused by
    (a) Virus
    (b) Bacteria
    (c) Protozoa
    (d) Helminthes
    Answer: (b)

    5) Superbugs are
    (a) Synthetic bug
    (b) Bacteria
    (c) Radio nucleotide
    (d) Industries
    Answer: (b)

    6) Salmonellosis is a disease related to consumption of
    (a) Chicken
    (b) Eggs
    (c) Mutton
    (d) Fish
    Answer: (d)

    7) Causative organisms of Malaria
    (a) Bacteria
    (b) Fungus
    (c) Plasmodium
    (d) Virus
    Answer: (c)

    8) What is ‘Black Lung?”
    (a) Occupational Hazard to the miners
    (b) Occupational Hazard to navigators
    (c) Occupational Hazard to pesticide applicators.
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (a)

    9) What is Carcinogen?
    (a) Drugs for curing infectious disease
    (b) Drugs used for curing cancer
    (c) Cancer causing agent
    (d) Food colorants
    Answer: (c)

    10) Infection of HIV is usually detected by which test
    (a) Elisa test
    (b) Hybridization
    (c) Gram staining
    (d) None
    Answer: (a)

    11) The destruction of habitat of plants and animals is called
    (a) Endemism
    (b) Endangered species
    (c) Habitat loss
    (d) Flood
    Answer: (c)

    12) Zoos are examples for
    (a) In-situ conservation
    (b) in-vivo conservation
    (c) ex-situ conservation
    (d) ex vivo conservation
    Answer: (c)

    13) The first national park of Pakistan
    (a) Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park
    (b) Shandure-Phander National Park
    (c) Lal Suhanra National Park
    (d) Pir Lasura National Park
    Answer: (c)

    14) Earth summit of Rio de Janeiro (1992) resulted in
    (a) Compilation of Red list
    (b) Establishment of biosphere reserves
    (c) Conservation of biodiversity
    (d) IUCN
    Answer: (c)

    15) Some species of plants and animals are extremely rare and may occur only at a few locations are called
    (a) Endemic
    (b) Endangered
    (c) Vulnerable
    (d) Threatened
    Answer: (b)

    16) The drug morphine is extracted from …………… plant
    (a) Cocoa
    (b) Belladonna
    (c) Opium Poppy
    (d) Tannin
    Answer: (c)

    17) …………….. species is known as Azadirachta Indica
    (a) Neem
    (b) Mango
    (c) Jackfruit
    (d) Banana
    Answer: (a)

    18) ……………….. tree is known as ‘flame of the forest’?
    (a) Ziziphus
    (b) Butea monosperma
    (c) Jackfruit
    (d) Pongamia
    Answer: (b)

    19) Which tree is known as Coral tree?
    (a) Quercus
    (b) Dipterocarps
    (c) Erythrina
    (d) Ziziphus
    Answer: (c)

    20) Which plants die after flowering?
    (a) Lotus
    (b) Bamboo
    (c) Chrysanthemum
    (d) Butea
    Answer: (b)

    21) Out of 4,100 mammal species in the world, Pakistan is home to
    (a) 209
    (b) 188
    (c) 319
    (d) 566
    Answer: (b)

    22) The four mammals known to have so far disappeared from Pakistan are the tiger (Panthera Tigris), swamp deer (Cervus duvaucelii), lion (Panthera Leo) and the.
    (a) White Rhinoceros
    (b) One-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)
    (c) Elephant
    (d) Hog deer
    Answer: (b)

    23) ……………….. is a marine tortoise which shows the unique phenomenon ‘Arribada’
    (a) Olive Ridley
    (b) Star Tortoise
    (c) Travancore Tortoise
    (d) b & c
    Answer: (a)

    24) Largest reptile in the world
    (a) Dragon
    (b) Anaconda
    (c) Crocodile
    (d) Python
    Answer: (b)

    25) In which year Broghil Valley (KPK) was declared as National Park?
    (a) 1988
    (b) 1996
    (c) 2010
    (d) 2011
    Answer: (c)

    26) The total population of Snow Leopard in Pakistan is estimated around
    (a) 400
    (b) 500
    (c) 300
    (d) 188
    Answer: (c)

    27) In Pakistan, mangroves forests covered 600,000 hectares but now that has been reduced to
    (a) 185,000 hectares
    (b) 75,000 hectares
    (c) 85,000 hectares
    (d) 115,000 hectares
    Answer: (b)

    28) In which year Kala Chitta was declared as National Park?
    (a) 2008
    (b) 2009
    (c) 2010
    (d) 2012
    Answer: (b)

    29) The Red Data book which lists endangered species is maintained by
    (a) UNO
    (b) WHO
    (c) IUCN
    (d) WWF
    Answer: (c)

    30) The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in
    (a) 1973
    (b) 1974.
    (c) 1976
    (d) 1999
    Answer: (b)

    31) In which year Lal Suhanra was declared as National Park?
    (a) 1972
    (b) 1988
    (c) 1995
    (d) 2008
    Answer: (a)

    32) Flag ship species of Deosai National Park (Skardu) sanctuary
    (a) Tiger
    (b) Peacock
    (c) Brown Bears
    (d) Rhino
    Answer: (c)

    33) Herpetology is a branch of Science which deals with
    (a) Aves
    (b) Mammals
    (c) Reptiles
    (d) Fishes
    Answer: (c)

    34) “Silent Spring” is a well-known book written by
    (a) John Miller
    (b) Charles Darwin
    (c) Rachel Carson
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (c)

    35) First Biosphere reserve in Pakistan
    (a) Lal Suhanra National Park
    (b) Kirthar National Park
    (c) Chitral Gol National Park
    (d) Chiltan Hazarganji, National Park
    Answer: (a)

    36) Bears are usually hunted and killed for their
    (a) Teeth
    (b) Skin
    (c) Gall bladder
    (d) Nails
    Answer: (b)

    37) Coral reefs in Pakistan can be seen in
    (a) Atcola Island
    (b) Churna (near Karachi coast)
    (c) Pasni and near Jevani
    (d) All of the above
    Answer: (d)

    38) Which of the following is an extinct species?
    (a) Tiger
    (b) Lion
    (c) Dodo
    (d) Ostrich
    Answer: (c)

    39) Black Buck is a
    (a) Goat
    (b) Deer
    (c) Butterfly
    (d) Bird
    Answer: (b)

    40) Gharial is a
    (a) Crocodile
    (b) Cobra
    (c) Tortoise
    (d) Frog
    Answer: (a)

    41) ——— is one of the most endangered species of Pakistani birds
    (a) Bee eater
    (b) Chakoor
    (c) Owl
    (d) Houbara bustard
    Answer: (d)

    42) Pangolins feed on
    (a) Ants
    (b) Fruits
    (c) Leaves
    (d) Roots
    Answer: (a)

    43) Many wild plant and animals are on the verge of extinction due to
    (a) Habitat destruction
    (b) Climatic changes
    (c) Non availability of food
    (d) None of the above
    Answer: (a)

    44) The first global environmental protection treaty “The Montreal Protocol” was signed on Sept. 26.
    (a) 1985
    (b) 1990
    (c) 1981
    (d) 1987
    Answer: (d)

    45) Animals and plants are best protected in
    (a) Zoos
    (b) Botanical Gardens
    (c) National Parks
    (d) Sanctuaries
    Answer: (c)

    46) The Native Place of Redwood trees?
    (a) Australia
    (b) Amazon
    (c) California
    (d) Thailand
    Answer: (c)

    47) Which of the following pulls people to urban areas?
    (a) Declining agricultural jobs
    (b) Lack of land to grow food
    (c) Better health care
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (c)

    48) Due to the urban population exploding in developing countries, they will need to build the equivalent of a city with more than 1 million people every __ for the next 25 years.
    (a) Day
    (b) Week
    (c) Month
    (d) Three months
    (e) Year
    Answer: (b)

    49) Which of the following statements is false?
    (a) The shift in poverty is moving rapidly from the city to the country.
    (b) Developing countries are currently urbanizing faster than developed countries.
    (c) Urbanization varies throughout the world but is increasing everywhere
    (d) The general population growth also contributes to urban growth
    (e) The shift in poverty is moving rapidly from the country to the city
    Answer: (a)

    50) Those who migrate and find jobs in cities can expect all of the following, except
    (a) Long hours and low wages
    (b) Dangerous machinery
    (c) Health and retirement benefits
    (d) Noise pollution
    (e) High crime rate
    Answer: (c)

  • | |

    Unique 100 General Knowledge Questions & Answers

    Unique 100 General Knowledge Questions & Answers

    1. Which British actor who starred as Jimmy in the film Quadrophenia later appeared in Blur’s video for the single Parklife? – Phil Daniels


    2. Which Argentinian striker is Barcelona’s all-time leading goalscorer? – Lionel Messi


    3. In the video game Dark Souls, one of the locations in the game, Anor Londo is heavily based on which Milan landmark? – Milan Cathedral


    4. Planned and begun in 1850 by King Maximilian II of Bavaria, Maximilianstrasse is a major shopping district in which German city? – Munich


    5. Wise, methodical detective Lester Freamon is a fictional character in which TV series? – The Wire


    6. Which Europe’s most southerly capital city? – Nicosia, Cyprus


    7. Clark Kent is the real name of which superhero? – Superman


    8. The film Grease was mostly filmed in which US state? – California


    9. Which Irish writer and clergyman wrote Gulliver’s Travels? – Jonathan Swift


    10. The largest tower located OUTSIDE of London in the United Kingdom is found in which English city? – Portsmouth(Spinnaker Tower)


    11. Which Hollywood, California born actor is known for starring in films including Inception, The Wolf of Wall Street and The Departed, amongst others? – Leonardo DiCaprio


    12. Who was the Greek god of the Sea? – Poseidon


    13. Which soul singer enjoyed fleeting success in the UK as the first winner of the TV series X-Factor? – Steve Brookstein


    14. Which is the only country to have taken part in every football World Cup finals? – Brazil


    15. Charles Darwin features on which British bank note? – Ten pound note


    16. How old was Frodo when he came of age in the book Fellowship of the Rings? – 33 years old


    17. Which former American Footballer when on to play Apollo Creed in the Rocky film series? – Carl Weathers


    18. What is the relationship between Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Beatrice of York? – Grandmother-granddaughter


    19. What is the name of the founder of the company Amazon who later went on to purchase The Washington Post newspaper? – Jeff Bezos


    20. Which Spanish region is known for the Tempranillo black grape wine variety? – Rioja


    21. Which actress won the 1981 Academy Award for Best Actress aged seventy-four for her role in the film On a Golden Pond? – Katharine Hepburn


    22. Which is the only inanimate sign of the zodiac? – Libra


    23. What was the name of The Jam’s debut album, released in 1977, that shared its name with a hit single on the album? – In The City


    24. Since 1987, which Tennis Grand Slam tournament has been the fourth and final in the tennis calendar? – US Open


    25. Nelson’s Column is a monument in which London square? – Trafalgar Square


    26. Which Oasis song opens with the lyrics ‘Today is gonna be the day’? – Wonderwall


    27. Where was playwright Oscar Wilde born in October 1854? – Dublin, Ireland


    28. Which is the largest moon of the planet Saturn, by diameter? – Titan


    29. Bella Swan (later Bella Cullan) is a character in which film series? – The Twilight Saga


    30. At 119 miles long, what is the name of Scotland’s longest river? – River Tay


    31. The Bolshoi Ballet is based in which city? – Moscow


    32. Charleroi is a city in which northern European county? – Belgium


    33. What colour is the distinctive King of the Mountains jersey in cycling’s Tour de France? –Red polka dots on white


    34. Sharon Osbourne, wife of aging rocker Ozzy, was a judge on which TV music program? – X-Factor


    35. In a game of cricket, how many runs are awarded for hitting the ball over the boundary rope without bouncing? – Six runs


    36. What is the name of the branch of medicine that focuses on eyesight? – Optometry


    37. Which silent film starring Jean Dujardin won the Best Film Oscar in 2011? – The Artist


    38. William Shakespeare was born in which English market town? – Stratford-upon-Avon


    39. The Baggies is the nickname of which English football club? – West Bromwich Albion


    40. Prior to join the Euro and taking it’s name from the Greek verb ‘to grasp’, what was the former currency of Greece? – Drachma


    41. Which country has the most football clubs? – South Africa


    42. Where was the first nuclear reactor built? – The USA


    43. Which brewery invented the widget for the beer can? – Guinness


    44. Which is the only mammal that able to kneel on all fours? – Elephant


    45. Who designed the Statue of Liberty? – Bartholdi


    46. Which country is Santiago the capital of? – Chile

    47. What is the name of the dog in the ‘Back to the Future’ films? – Einstein


    48. Who was the first female governor of India? – Sarojini Naidu


    49. Who wrote the music for West Side Story? – Bernstein


    50. Which is the largest species of crocodile? – Saltwater


    51. During which year did the Apple iPhone first go on sale? – 2007


    52. What was the nationality of the famous 18th century poet Robert Burns? – Scottish


    53. Where did King Arthur hold court? – Camelot


    54. In which year was Michael Jackson’s song Thriller released? – 1982


    55. Which sign of the zodiac is represented by the scales? – Libra


    56. Which country was Arnold Schwarzenegger born in? – Austria


    57. What is the name of Washington’s active stratovolcano? – Mount St. Helen


    58. Which nuts are used to make marzipan? – Almonds


    59. What is the name given to a skydiver’s canopy? – A parachute


    60. What type of shark was Jaws? – A great white


    61. How many consonants are there in the English Alphabet? – 21 consonants


    62. In which country were ‘The Lord of the Rings’ movies filmed? – New Zealand


    63. What do the stripes of the US flag represent? – The 13 original colonies of the United States (sign of uniting as one)


    64. True or false: the diameter is half of the radius? – False: the radius is half of the diameter


    65. Which is the only English football team to play in the Scottish league? – Berwick Rangers


    66. Which character did Clark Gable play in Gone With The Wind? – Rhett Butler


    67. Which Roman numerals represent the number 40? – XL


    68. Which word can come before: moon, house and time? – Full


    69. What religion does a Rabi belong too? – Jewish


    70. How many hours are there in one full week? – 168 hours


    71. Which English actor starred in Gangs of New York and Lincoln? – Daniel Day Lewis


    72. Who was the president of the United States in 2000? – Bill Clinton


    73. What is the largest country in Great Britain? – England


    74. What theory did the scientist Charles Darwin help to develop? – The theory of evolution


    75. What ‘M’ is a popular egg white dessert? – Meringue


    76. How many known planets are there in our solar system? – Eight


    77. Canberra is the capital city of which country? – Australia

    78. What is an obtuse angle? – An angle measuring between 90 and 180 degrees


    79. What was the name of Moses’ brother? – Aaron


    80. Who sang the 2015 hit song ‘All About That Bass’? – Meghan Trainor


    81. Three countries of the world begin with the letter J, can you name them all? – Jamaica, Japan, Jordan


    82. Which 2015 movie features a song called ‘Writing’s on the Wall’ by Sam Smith? – Spectre (James Bond)


    83. Beginning with the fastest first, put the following body features in order of growth rate: finger nails, toe nails, hair? – Hair, finger nails, toe nails


    84. In medieval legend, what name was given to the cup from which Jesus drank from at the Last Supper? – Grail (The Holy Grail)


    85. Does the British noble title Viscount rank above or below a Baron? – Above


    86. Which solar system planet experiences the hottest surface temperature? – Venus


    87. Which George Michael song begins with the lyrics, ‘I feel so unsure, As I take your hand and lead you to the dance floor’? – Careless Whisper


    88. In 1912, which ocean did RMS Titanic sink in? – Atlantic Ocean (North Atlantic)


    89. What film series stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino as leaders of a New York Mafia family? – The Godfather


    90. What traditional Easter cake is toasted and decorated with 11 to 12 marzipan balls? – Simnel Cake


    91. What type of animals make up the biggest group of amphibians? – Frogs


    92. Which naturalist wrote ‘The Voyage of the Beagle’? – Charles Darwin


    93. The inauguration of which American President took place on January 20, 2009? – Barack Obama


    94. Can you unscramble the following word to reveal the name of a hormone produced by the pancreas: NNLUSII? – Insulin


    95. What was the first fully animated feature film released by Walt Disney? – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)


    96. Which Asian country was formerly named Ceylon? – Sri Lanka


    97. What type of gas primarily forms the Earth’s atmosphere? – Nitrogen


    98. What is the opposite of nocturnal? – Diurnal


    99. Which Winter Olympic event combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting? – The biathlon


    100. Who plays Jack Bauer in the American television series 24? – Kiefer Sutherland

  • |

    PPSC JUNIOR PATROL OFFICER PAST PAPERS 2017

    JUNIOR PATROL OFFICER PAST PAPERS PPSC 2017

     
    Tarbela Dam is on ______ River.
    Indus
    Jhelum
    Ravi
    None of these
    Who is Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtoon Khawah (KPK)?
    Pavez Khatak
    Imran Khan
    Ameer Haidar Khan Hoti
    None of these
    Which personality represented Pakistan in UNO?
    Patras Bukhari
    Faiz Ahmad Faiz
    Perveen Shakar
    Munir Niazi
    Durand Line is between
    Pakistan and Afghanistan
    Pakistan and China
    Pakistan and Iran
    Pakistan and India
    How many Round Table Conferences were held?
    3
    5
    4
    2
    Who wrote “Friends, Not Masters”?
    Ayub Khan
    Zia-ul-Haq
    Zulifqar Ali Bhutto
    Quaid-e-Azam
    Youm-e-Takbeer is celebrated on the 28th of May each year in commemoration of
    Nuclear Test
    Independence Day
    Day of Deliverance
    None of these
    When first constitution of Pakistan was enacted?
    1956
    1962
    1973
    None of these
    Indus Basin Treaty was held in the reign of
    Ayub Khan
    Zia-ul-Haq
    Yahya Khan
    Zulifqar Ali Bhutto
    Dia Mir Bhasha Day is in
    Gilgit
    Chitral
    Mansehra
    Peshawar
    Quran revealed in _________ years.
    23
    25
    24
    21
    When Holy Prophet (PBUH) died?
    632 AD
    633 AD
    635 AD
    630 AD
    Who founded Baghdad?
    Al-Mansur
    Haroon-ur-Rashid
    Mamoon-ur-Rashid
    None of these
    Who wrote Spirit of Islam?
    Syed Ameer Ali
    Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar
    Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
    Ch. Rehmat Ali
    Which province of Pakistan is least populated?
    Balochistan
    Punjab
    Sindh
    Khybar Pakhtoon Khawa
    Who introduced “Basic Democracy” for the first time in Pakistan?
    Ayub Khan
    Yahya Khan
    Zulifqar Ali Bhutto
    Zia-ul-Haq
    Which of the following was the Ottoman capital?
    Constantinople
    Baghdad
    Cairo
    None of these
    The tribe of Hazrat Usman (R.A) was
    Omayyad
    Adi
    Banu Tameem
    None of these
    Who was called Conqueror of Egypt (Fateh Misr)?
    Hazrat Sa’ad Bin Abi Waqas (R.A)
    Hazrat Ali (R.A)
    Hazrat Khalid Bin Walid (R.A)
    Hazrat Umar (R.A)
    Najashi was the king of
    Ethiopia
    Iran
    Syria
    Yemen
    Muhammad Bin Qasim is closely related to
    Hajjaj Bin Yousaf
    Haroon Rashid
    Mamoon Rashid
    Salah-ud-Din Ayubi
    How many chapters (Parahs) in Quran?
    30
    25
    114
    28
    Who was the first Muslim King of India?
    Qutab-ud-Din Aibak
    Muhammad bin Qasim
    Babar
    None of these
    River Tigris is in
    Iraq
    Iran
    Egypt
    Syria
    Ushr is
    1/10th
    1/20th
    1/25th
    1/40th
    Who wrote Kitab-ul-Hind?
    Al-Beroni
    Ibn-ul-Haitham
    Ibn-e-Batoota
    Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
    Who was named as Saif-Ullah?
    Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed (R.A)
    Hazrat Ali (R.A)
    Hazrat Umar (R.A)
    Hazrat Sa’ad Bin Abi Waqas (R.A)
    Nature of Novels of Nasim Hijazi is
    Historical
    Political
    Romantic
    Social
    Native country of Alexander is
    Macedonia
    Iraq
    Abyssinia
    Syria
    Theory of Evolution is associated with
    Darwin
    Mandal
    Robin
    None of these
    Sherlock Holmes is associated with
    Arthur Conan Doyle
    Jonathan Aims
    Nancy Drew
    Tom Swift
    Taliban recently opened their office in
    Doha
    Abu Dhabi
    Dubai
    Muscat
    American President Barrack Obama’s political party is
    Democrates
    Republican
    Labour
    None of these
    Currently, GST in Pakistan is
    17%
    15%
    16%
    18%
    Who has portfolio of Defense?
    Nawaz Sharif
    Sartaj Aziz
    Zahid Hamid
    Ch. Nisar Ali Khan
    Who is president of Iran?
    Hussan Rohani
    Mahmoud Ahmdinejad
    Ali Khameni
    None of these
    Al-Taqseem Square is in
    Istanbul
    Cairo
    Islamabad
    Tunis City
    ICC Championship was played in
    England
    India
    Sri Lank
    West Indies
    Titanic is
    Ship
    Aeroplan
    Supersonic Fighter Jet
    Bullet Train
    Who was the president of America, during the American Civil War?
    Abraham Lincoln
    George Washington
    J.F Kennedy
    George W. Bush Senior
    Third Marshal Law in Pakistan was imposed on
    5 July 1977
    4 July 1977
    6 July 1977
    7 July 1977
    Which of the following Muslims was Pan-Islamism during 19th Century?
    Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
    Syed Ameer Ali
    Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar
    Sir Agha Kan
    Who is president of Syria?
    Bashar al-Assad
    Abdul Halim Khaddam
    Husni Mubarak
    Muhammad Mursi
    Which of the following American presidents was killed?
    1. F. Kennedy
    Richard Nixon
    George Washington
    None of these
    Aswan Dam is in
    Egypt
    Iran
    Iraq
    Saudi Arabia
    Who gifted Statue of Liberity to the United States of America
    France
    Germany
    Israel
    Great Britain
    Prague is capital of
    Czech Republic
    Poland
    Hungry
    Iceland
    Which of following Islamic countries has 2500 islands?
    Indonesia
    Malaysia
    Sudan
    Saudi Arabia
    Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated in
    War of Waterloo
    War of Buxor
    War of Plassey
    None of these
    Who is incumbent British Prime Minister?
    David Cameron
    Tony Blair
    Barack Obama
    None of these
    Who compiled Guru Granth?
    Guru Nanak
    Guru Amardas
    Guru Ramdas
    Guru Karishn
    Who compiled Guru Granth?
    Guru Nanak
    Guru Amardas
    Guru Ramdas
    Guru Karishn
    Mother Teresa was
    Social Worker
    Politician
    Musician
    President
    Which of the following kings was assassinated?
    Martin Luther King
    Julius Caesar
    Alexander
    Napoleon Bonaparte
    By profession, Prime Minister Man Mohan Singh is
    Economist
    Scientist
    Doctor
    Lawyer
    Which was the capital of British Indian before Delhi?
    Kolkata
    Mumbai
    Madras
    Bangal
    Torah is associated with
    Hazrat Musa A.S
    Hazrat Dawood A.S
    Hazrat Musa A.S
    None of these
    Who is founder of All India Congress?
    1. O Hume
    Nehro
    Gandhi
    None of these
    Naqsh-e-Faryadi is written by
    Faiz Ahmad Faiz
    Ahmad Sarfraz
    Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
    Allama Iqbal
    Yen is currency of
    Japan
    China
    Hong Kong
    South Korea
    Pelle was famous player of
    Footbal
    Hockey
    Cricket
    Tannis
    Old name of Netherlands is
    Holland
    Iceland
    Federland
    Land of Republic
    In Roman counting, XV is
    15
    20
    5
    10
    Confucius is ancient philosopher of
    China
    Greek
    Russia
    America
    UNO Head quarter is located in
    New York
    Washington
    London
    Paris
    Mohanjo Daro is in
    Sindh
    Punjab
    KPK
    Balochistan
    Who introduced the Law of Motion?
    Newton
    Feraday
    Fleming
    Einstein
    Dermatology is disease of
    Skin
    Lungs
    Heart
    Brain
    Who introduced Principle of Gravity?
    Newton
    Einstein
    Mandal
    Ashamedas
    Solar eclipse occurs when
    Moon comes between Earth and Sun
    Earth comes between Moon and Sun
    Earth, Moon and Sun are in same line
    None of these
    Who was the first man at moon?
    Neil Armstrong
    Yuri Gagarin
    Buzz Aldrin
    None of these
    Rain fall in measured with
    Rain Gauge
    Rain Rode
    Rain Meter
    Hydro Meter
    Who is inventor of computer operating system “Windows”?
    Bill Gates
    Malinda Gates
    Steve Jobs
    Larry Page
    Bronchitis is associated with
    Lungs
    Heart
    Brain
    Respirator Cavity
    A person or group made to bear the blame for others or to suffer in their place
    Scapegoat
    Sufferer
    Victim
    None of these
    On doing it daily, the task soon became a leisurely.
    Routine
    Programme
    Task
    Work
    Pick up the nearly associated word of “To be at arm’s length”
    Distance
    Work
    Sight
    Body
    Turn on one’s heel mean to return
    Quickly
    Sharply
    Instantly
    None of these
    Shortsightedness is
    Myopia
    Hydrophobia
    Hyperopia
    None of these
    Calculate: 9999+8888+777-?=19700
    36
    30
    35
    34
    Calculate: 0.8+0.05+0.369+0.7683=?
    1.9873
    1.9573
    1.7398
    1.9078
    Calculate: 6.837+3.1469=?
    9.9839
    15
    11
    8.2445
    Calculate: 15-6.837-3.1469=?
    5.0161
    5
    4.0161
    6.0161
    Ali earns Rs. 20.56 on first day, Rs. 32.90 on second and Rs. 20.78 on third day of week. If he spend half of the amount he earned in first three days of week, find out the remaining amount.
    Rs. 37.12
    Rs. 37
    Rs. 35.12
    Rs.36.12
    Solve: Under Root of 10 x Under Root of 250
    50
    100
    25
    10
    Find out the highest ratio
    7:15
    9:15
    25:29
    18:24
    If 314 men print 6594 papers in 10 minutes, then find out the average printing of each man in 1 minute.
    2.1
    2
    3.1
    4
    Calculate: 4.56+3.82+5.06=?
    13.44
    14.44
    12.44
    11.44
    Solve: 0.8/10=?
    0.08
    80
    88
    8
    How many figures up to 100 can be divided by 7?
    14
    13
    12
    10
    Water is _________ for life.
    Indispensable
    Inevitable
    Needed
    Required
    Objective Resolution was passed in
    1949
    1940
    1950
    1947
    First General Elections were held on in Pakistan in
    1970
    1985
    1998
    1957
    Deficit Financing is
    Printing new currency
    Paying back loan
    Brain drain
    None of these
    Alexander’s native land is
    Macedonia
    Germany
    Italy
    Britain
    There are how many planets in universe?
    8
    9
    10
    11
    Jabir Bin Hayan was a famous Muslim __________.
    Chemist
    Physicist
    Discoverer
    Teacher
    I will not join Army as it is against my
    Creed
    Ethics
    Beliefs
    Taste
    I will not be ________ to the mistakes made by him.
    Answerable
    Indispensable
    Reliable
    Accountable
  • | |

    Inventions and Inventors

    Inventions and Inventors

    A

    Air Brake : 
    George Westinghouse, U.S.A. 1911.
    Air Conditioning : 
    Willis Carrier, U.S.A. 1911.
    Airplane : 
    engine-powered, Wilbur and Orville Wright, U.S.A., 1903.
    Airship :
    Henri Giffard, France, 1852; Ferdin von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900.
    Antibiotics :
    Louis Pasteur, Jules-Francois Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin) Alexander Fleming, Scotland, 1928.
    Antiseptic : 
    (surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867.
    Aspirin : 
    Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899.
    Atom :
    (nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911.
    Atomic Structure :
    Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913.
    Automated Teller Machine (ATM) :
    Don Wetzel, U.S.A., 1968.
    Automobile :
    (first with internal combustion engine, 250 rmp) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical highspeed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) Rene Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S.A., 1892.
    Autopilot : 
    (for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat.

    B

    Bacteria : 
    Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683.
    Bakelite :
    Leo Hendrik Baekeland, U.S.A., 1907.
    Ball Bearing :
    Philip Vaughan, England, 1794.
    Ballon, Hot-air : 
    Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783.
    Bar Codes :
    Monarch Marking, U.S.A. 1970.
    Barometer :
    Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643.
    Bicycle :
    Karl D. von Sauebronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884.
    Big Bang Theory :
    (the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled �Big Bang�) George A. Gamov, U.S.A., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S.A. 1965.
    Blood, Circulation of :
    William Harvey, England, 1628.
    Bomb, Atomic : 
    J. Robert Oppenheimer et al., U.S.A., 1945.
    Bomb, Thermonuclear (hydrogen) :
    Edward Teller et al., U.S.A., 1952.
    Boyle�s Law :
    (relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662.
    Braille :
    Louis Braille, France, 1829.
    Bridges :
    (suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S.A., 1820.
    Bullet :
    (conical) Claude Minie, France, 1849.

    C

    Calculating Machine :
    (logarithms) John Napierm Scotland, 1614; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Gottfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; (�analytical engine� design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835.
    Camera :
    George Eastman, U.S.A., 1888; (Polaroid) Edwin Land, U.S.A., 1948
    Car Radio : 
    William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S.A. 1929.
    Cells :
    Robert Hooke, England, 1665.
    Chewing Gum : 
    John Curtis, U.S.A., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S.A., 1870.
    Cholera Bacterium :
    Robert Koch, Germany, 1883.
    Circuit, Integrated :
    (theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S.A., 1959.
    Clock, Pendulum :
    Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656.
    Clock, Quartz :
    Warren A. Marrison, Canada/U.S.A., 1927.
    Cloning, Animal :
    John B. Gurdon, U.K., 1970.
    Coca-Cola :
    John Pemberton, U.S.A., 1886.
    Combustion :
    Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777.
    Compact Disk : 
    RCA, U.S.A., 1972.
    Compact Disk (CD) :
    Philips Electronics, The Netherlands; Sony Corp., Japan, 1980.
    Computed Tomography 
    (CT scan, CAT scan) :
    Godfrey Hounsfield, Allan Cormack, U.K. U.S.A., 1972
    Computers :
    (analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) John Presper Eckert, Jr., John Mauchly, U.S.A., 1945; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer) 1951; (personal computer) Steve Wozniak, U.S.A., 1976.
    Computer Laptop :
    Radio Shack Corp., U.S.A., 1983.
    Concrete :
    Joseph Monier, France, 1877.

    D

    DDT :
    Othmar Zeidler, Germany, 1874.
    Detector, Metal :
    Gerhard Fisher, Germany/U.S.A., late 1920s.
    Deuterium :
    (heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S.A., 1931.
    DNA :
    (deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) F. H. Crick, England and James D. Watson, U.S.A., 1953.
    Dye :
    William H. Perkin, England, 1856.
    Dynamite :
    Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867.

    E

    Electric Generator (dynamo) :
    (laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S.A., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating-current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892.
    Electron :
    Sir Joseph J. Thompson, U.S.A., 1897.
    Electronic Mail :
    Ray Tomlinson, U.S.A., 1972.
    Elevator, Passenger :
    Elisha G. Otis, U.S.A., 1852.
    E=mc2 
    equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907.
    Engine, Internal Combustion :
    No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wanket, Germany, 1956.
    Evolution :
    : (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859.

    F

    Facsimile (fax) :
    Alexander Bain, Scotland, 1842.
    Fiber Optics : 
    Narinder Kapany, England, 1955.
    Film Photographic :
    George Eastman, U.S.A., 1884.
    Flashlight, Battery-operated Portable :
    Conrad Hubert, Russia/U.S.A., 1899
    Flask, Vacuum (Thermos) :
    Sir James Dewar, Scotland, 1892.
    Fuel Cell :
    William R. Grove, U.K., 1839

    G

    Genetic Engineering :
    Stanley N. Cohen, Herbert W. Boyer, U.S.A., 1973.
    Gravitation, Law of :
    Sir Issac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687).
    Gunpowder :
    China, c.700.
    Gyrocompass :
    Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., 1905.
    Gyroscope :
    Jean Leon Foucault, France, 1852.

    H

    Helicopter :
    (double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Silorsky, U.S.A., 1939.
    Helium First Observed on Sun:
    Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868.
    Home Videotape Systems 
    (VCR) :
    (Betamax) Sony, Japan, (1975); (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975.

    I

    Ice Age Theory :
    Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840.
    Insulin :
    (first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized), China, 1966.
    Internet :
    Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) at the Dept. of Defense, U.S.A., 1969.
    Iron, Electric : 
    Henry W. Seely, U.S.A., 1882.
    Isotopes : 
    Frederick Soddy, England, 1912.

    J

    Jet Propulsion :
    (engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939.

    L

    Laser :
    (theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S.A. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S.A., 1960.
    LCD (liquid crystal display) :
    Hoffmann-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970.
    Lens, Bifocal :
    Benjamin Franklin, U.S.A., c.1760.
    Light-Emitting Diode (LED) :
    Nick Holonyak, Jr., U.S.A., 1962.
    Light, Speed of :
    (theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675.
    Locomotive :
    (steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire-tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific�s �Big Boy�, U.S.A., 1941.
    Loud Speaker :
    Chester W. Rice, Edward W. Kellogg, U.S.A., 1924.

    M

    Machine Gun :
    (multibarrel) Richard J. Gatling, U.S.A., 1862; (single barrel, belt-fed) Hiram S. Maxim, Anglo-American, 1884.
    Magnet, Earth is : 
    William Gilbert, England, 1600.
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) : 
    Raymond Damadian, Paul Lauterbur, U.S.A., early 1970s.
    Matchstick/box : 
    (phosphorus) Francois Derosne, France, 1816; (friction) Charles Sauria, France, 1831; (safety) J. E. Lundstrom, Sweden, 1855.
    Metric System : 
    Revolutionary government of France, 1790-1801.
    Microphone : 
    Charles Wheatstone, England, 1827.
    Microscope : 
    (compound) Zacharias Janssen, The Netherlands, 1590; (electron) Vladimir Zworykin et al., U.S.A., Canada, Germany, 1932-1939.
    Microwave Oven : 
    Percy Spencer, U.S.A., 1947.
    Missile, Guided : 
    Wernher von Braun, Germany, 1942.
    Motion, Laws of : 
    Isaac Newton, England, 1687.
    Motion Pictures : 
    Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1893.
    Motion Pictures, Sound : 

    Motor, Electric : 

    Motorcycle : 
    (motor tricycle) Edward Butler, England, 1884; (gasoline-engine motorcycle) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885.
    Moving Assembly Line : 
    Product of various inventions. First picture with synchronized musical score : Don Juan, 1926; with spoken diologue : The Jazz Singer, 1927; both Warner Bros.

    Michael Faraday, England, 1822; (alternating-current) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892.

    O

    Ozone : 
    Christian Schonbein, Germany, 1839.

    N

    Neutron : 
    James Chadwick, England, 1932.
    Nuclear Fission : 
    Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Germany, 1938.
    Nuclear Reactor : 
    Enrico Fermi, Italy, et al., 1942.
    Nylon : 
    Wallace H. Carothers, U.S.A., 1937.

    P

    Pacemaker : 
    Clarence W. Lillehie, Earl Bakk, U.S.A., 1957.
    Paper : 
    China, c.100 A.D.
    Parachute : 
    Louis S. Lenormand, France, 1783.
    Pen : 
    (fountain) Lewis E. Waterman, U.S.A., 1884; (ball-point) John H. Loud, U.S.A., 1888; Lazlo Biro, Argentina, 1944.
    Phonograph : 
    Thomas A. Edison, U.S.A., 1877.
    Photography : 
    (first paper negative, first photograph, on metal) Joseph Nicephore Niepce, France, 1816-1827; (discovery of fixative powers of hyposulfite of soda) Sir John Herschel, England, 1819; (first direct positive image on silver plate) Louis Dagauerre, based on work with Niepce, France, 1839; (first paper negative from which a number of positive prints could be made) William Talbot, England, 1841. Work of these four men, taken together, forms basis for all modern photography. (First color images) Alexandre Becquerel, Claude Niepce de Saint-Victor, France, 1848-1860; (commercial color film with three emulsion layers, Kodachrome) U.S.A. 1935.
    Photovoltaic Effect :
    (light falling on certain materials can produce electricity) Edmund Becquerel, France, 1839.
    Planetary Motion, Laws of : 
    Johannes Kepler, Germany, 1609, 1619.
    Plastics : 
    (first material nitrocellulose softened by vegetable oil, camphor, precursor to Celluloid) Alexander Parkes, England, 1855; (Celluloid, involving recognition of vital effect of camphor) John W. Hyatt, U.S.A., 1869; (Bakelite, first completely synthetic plastic) Leo H. Baekeland, U.S.A., 1910; (theoretical background of macromolecules and process of polymerization on which modern plastics industry rests) Hermann Staudinger, Germany, 1922; (polypropylene and low-pressure method for producing high-density polyethylene) Robert Banks, Paul Hogan, U.S.A., 1958.
    Polio, Vaccine : 
    (experimentally safe dead-virus vaccine) Jonas E. Salk, U.S.A., 1952; (effective large-scale field trials) 1954; (officially approved) 1955; (safe oral live-virus vaccine developed) Albert B. Sabin, U.S.A. 1954; (available in the U.S.A.) 1960.
    Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) : 
    Eugen Baumann, Germany, 1872.
    Printing : 
    (block) Japan, c.700; (movable type) Korea, c.1400, Johann Gutenberg, Germany, c.1450; (lithography, offset) Aloys Senefelder, Germany, 1796; (rotary press) Richard Hoe, U.S.A. 1844; (linotype) Ottmar Mergenthaler, U.S.A., 1884.
    Printing Press, Movable Type : 
    Johannes Gutenburg, Germany, c.1450.
    Proton : 
    Ernest Rutherford, England, 1919.
    Pulsars : 
    Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel, England, 1967.

    Q

    Quantum Theory : 
    (general) Max Planck, Germany, 1900; (sub-atomic) Niels Bohr, Denmark, 1913; (quantum mechanics) Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, Germany, 1925.

    R

    Rabies Immunization : 
    Louis Pasteur, France, 1885.
    Radar : 
    (limited range) Christian Hulsmeyer, Germany, 1904; (pulse modulation, used for measuring height of ionosphere) Gregory Breit, Merle Tuve, U.S.A., 1925; (first practical radar-radio detection and ranging) Sir Robert Watson-Watt, England, 1934-1935.
    Radio : 
    (electromagnetism theory of) James Clerk Maxwell, England, 1873; (spark coil, generator of electromagnetic waves) Heinrich Hertz, Germany, 1886; (first practical system of wireless telegraphy) Guglielmo Marconi, Italy, 1895; (first long-distance telegraphic radio signal sent across the Atlantic) Macroni, 1901; (vacuum electron tube, basis for radio telephony) Sir John Fleming, England, 1904; (regenerative circuit, allowing long-distance sound reception) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.A., 1912; (frequency modulation-FM) Edwin H. Armstrong, U.S.A., 1933.
    Radiocarbon Dating, Carbon-14 Method : 
    (discovered) Willard F. Libby, U.S.A., 1947; (first demonstrated) U.S.A., 1950.
    Razor : 
    (safety) King Gillette, U.S.A., 1901; (electric) Jacob Schick, U.S.A., 1928, 1931.
    Refrigerator : 
    Alexander Twining, U.S.A., James Harrison, Australia, 1850; (first with a compressor) the Domelse, Chicago, U.S.A., 1913.
    Remote Control, Television : 
    Robert Adler, U.S.A., 1950.
    Richter Scale : 
    Charles F. Richter, U.S.A., 1935.
    Rifle : 
    (muzzle-loaded) Italy, Germany, c.1475; (breech-loaded) England, France, Germany, U.S.A., c.1866; (bolt-action) Paul von Mauser, Germany, 1889; (automatic) John Browning, U.S.A., 1918.
    Rocket : 
    (liquid-fueled) Robert Goddard, U.S.A., 1926.
    Rotation of Earth : 
    Jean Bernard Foucault, France, 1851.
    Rubber : 
    (vulcanization process) Charles Goodyear, U.S.A., 1839.

    S

    Saccharin : 
    Constantine Fuhlberg, Ira Remsen, U.S.A., 1879.
    Safety Pin : 
    Walter Hunt, U.S.A., 1849.
    Saturn, Ring Around : 
    Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1659.
    Seismograph : 
    (first accurate) John Bohlin, Sweden, 1962.
    Sewing Machine : 
    Elias Howe, U.S.A., 1846; (continuous stitch) Isaac Singer, U.S.A., 1851.
    Spectrum : 
    Sir Isaac Newton, England, 1665-1666.
    Steam Engine : 
    Thomas Savery, England, 1639; (atmospheric steam engine) Thomas Newcomen, England, 1705; (steam engine for pumping water from collieries) Savery, Newcomen, 1725; (modern condensing, double acting) James Watt, England, 1782; (high-pressure) Oliver Evans, U.S.A., 1804.
    Steel, Stainless : 
    Harry Brearley, U.K., 1914.
    Stethoscope : 
    Rene Laennec, France, 1819.
    Submarine : 
    Cornelis Drebbel, The Netherlands, 1620.

    T

    Tank, Military : 
    Sir Ernest Swinton, England, 1914.
    Tape Recorder : 
    Valdemar Poulsen, Denmark, 1899.
    Teflon : 
    DuPont, U.S.A., 1943.
    Telegraph : 
    Samuel F. B. Morse, U.S.A., 1837.
    Telephone : 
    Alexander Graham Bell, U.S.A., 1837.
    Telephoe, Mobile : 
    Bell Laboratories, U.S.A., 1946.
    Telescope : 
    Hans Lippershey, The Netherlands, 1608; (astronomical) Galileo Galilei, Italy, 1609; (reflecting) Isaac Newton, England, 1668.
    Television : 
    Vladimir Zworykin, U.S.A., 1923, and also kinescope (cathode ray tube) 1928; (mechanical disk-scanning method) successfully demaonstrated by J. L. Baird, Scotland, C. F. Jenkins, U.S.A., 1926; (first all-electric television image) Philo T. Famsworth, U.S.A., 1927; (color, mechanical disk) Baird, 1928; (color, compatible with black and white) George Valensi, France, 1938; (color, sequential rotating filter) Peter Goldmark, U.S.A., first introduced, 1951; (color, compatible with black and white) commercially introduced in U.S.A., National Television Systems committee, 1953.
    Thermodynamics : 
    (first law : energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one from to another) Julius Von Mayer, Germany, 1842; James Joule, England, 1843; (second law : heat cannot itself pass from a colder to a warmer body) Rudolph Clausius, Germany, 1850; (third law : the entropy of ordered solids reaches zero at the absolute zero of temperature) Walter Nernstm Germany, 1918.
    Thermometer : 
    (open-column) Galileo Galilei, c.1593; (clinical) Santorio Santorio, Padua, c.1615; (mercury, also Fahrenheit scale) Gabriel D. Fahrenheit, Germany, 1714; (centigrade scale) Anders Celsius, Sweden, 1742; (absolute-temperature, or Kelvin, scale) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.
    Tire, Pneumatic : 
    Robert W. Thompson, England, 1845; (bicycle tire) John B. Dunlop, Northern Ireland, 1888.
    Transformer, Electric : 
    William Stanely, U.S.A., 1885.
    Transistor : 
    John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, William B. Shockley, U.S.A., 1947.
    Typewriter : 
    Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, U.S.A., 1867.

    V

    Velcro : 
    George de Mestral, Switzerland, 1948.
    Video Disk : 
    Philips Co., The Netherlands, 1972.
    Vitamins : 
    (hypothesis of disease deficiency) Sir F. G. Hopkins, Casimir Funk, England, 1912; (vitamin A) Elmer V. McCollum, M. Davis, U.S.A., 1912-1914; (vitamin B) McCollum, U.S.A., 1915-1916; (thiamin B1) Casimir Funk, England, 1912; ( riboflavin, B2) D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick, U.S.A., 1926; (niacin) Conrad Elvehjem, U.S.A., 1937; (B6) Paul Gyorgy, U.S.A., 1934; (vitamin C) C. A. Hoist, T. Froelich, Norway, 1912; (vitamin D) McCollum, U.S.A., 1922; (folic acid) Lucy Wills, England, 1933.

    W

    Wheel : 
    (cart, solid wood) Mesopotamia, c.3800-3600 B.C.
    Windmill : 
    Persia, c.600.
    World Wide Web : 
    (developed while working at CERN) Tim Berners-Lee, England, 1989; (development of Mosaic browser makes WWW available for general use) Marc Andreeson, U.S.A., 1993.

    X

    X-ray Imaging : 
    Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, Germany, 1895.
    Xerography : 
    Chester Carlson, U.S.A., 1900.

    Z

    Zero : 
    India, c.600; (absolute zero temperature, cessation of all molecular energy) William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, England, 1848.