prime minister of pakistan

  • July 28 – History, Events, Births, Deaths Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • 1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
    • 1540 – Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
    • 1571 – La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.
    • 1635 – In the Eighty Years’ War the Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans.
    • 1656 – Second Northern War: Battle of Warsaw begins.
    • 1778 – Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain.
    • 1794 – French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
    • 1808 – Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
    • 1809 – Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley’s British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.
    • 1821 – José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
    • 1854 – USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy, is commissioned.
    • 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Ezra Church: Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.
    • 1866 – At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream becomes the first and youngest female artist to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue (of Abraham Lincoln).
    • 1868 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.
    • 1896 – The city of Miami, Florida is incorporated.
    • 1914 – In the culmination of the July Crisis, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, igniting World War I.
    • 1915 – The United States begins a 19-year occupation of Haiti.
    • 1917 – The Silent Parade took place in New York City, in protest to murders, lynchings, and other violence directed towards African Americans.
    • 1932 – U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the “Bonus Army” of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C.
    • 1935 – First flight of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.
    • 1938 – Hawaii Clipper disappears between Guam and Manila as the first loss of an airliner in trans-Pacific China Clipper service.
    • 1939 – The Sutton Hoo helmet is discovered.
    • 1942 – World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227. In response to alarming German advances, all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so are to be tried in a military court, with punishment ranging from duty in a shtrafbat battalion, imprisonment in a Gulag, or execution.
    • 1943 – World War II: Operation Gomorrah: The Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg, Germany causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.
    • 1945 – A U.S. Army B-25 bomber crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 and injuring 26.
    • 1957 – Heavy rain and a mudslide in Isahaya, western Kyushu, Japan, kills 992.
    • 1960 – The German Volkswagen Act came into force.
    • 1965 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.
    • 1973 – Summer Jam at Watkins Glen: Nearly 600,000 people attend a rock festival at the Watkins Glen International Raceway.
    • 1974 – Spetsgruppa A, Russia’s elite special force, was formed.
    • 1976 – The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 moment magnitude flattens Tangshan in the People’s Republic of China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.
    • 1984 – The Summer Olympics officially known as the games of the XXIII were opened in Los Angeles.
    • 1996 – The remains of a prehistoric man are discovered near Kennewick, Washington. Such remains will be known as the Kennewick Man.
    • 2001 – Australian Ian Thorpe becomes the first swimmer to win six gold medals at a single World Championship.
    • 2002 – Nine coal miners trapped in the flooded Quecreek Mine in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, are rescued after 77 hours underground.
    • 2002 – Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise Flight 9560 crashes after takeoff from Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow, Russia, killing 14 of the 16 people on board.
    • 2005 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army calls an end to its thirty-year-long armed campaign in Northern Ireland.
    • 2010 – Airblue Flight 202 crashes into the Margalla Hills north of Islamabad, Pakistan, killing all 152 people aboard. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Pakistan history and the first involving an Airbus A321.
    • 2011 – While flying from Seoul, South Korea to Shanghai, China, Asiana Airlines Flight 991 develops an in-flight fire in the cargo hold. The Boeing 747-400F freighter attempts to divert to Jeju International Airport, but crashes into the sea South-West of Jeju island, killing both crew members on board.
    • 2017 – Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif was disqualified for lifetime by Supreme Court of Pakistan founding him guilty of corruption charges.
    • 2018 – Australian Wendy Tuck becomes the first woman skipper to win the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race.

    Births on July 28

    • 1347 – Margaret of Durazzo, Queen of Naples and Hungary (d. 1412)
    • 1516 – William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, German nobleman (d. 1592)
    • 1609 – Judith Leyster, Dutch painter (d. 1660)
    • 1635 – Robert Hooke, English physicist and chemist (d. 1703)
    • 1645 – Marguerite Louise d’Orléans, French princess (d. 1721)
    • 1659 – Charles Ancillon, French jurist and diplomat (d. 1715)
    • 1746 – Thomas Heyward, Jr., American judge and politician (d. 1809)
    • 1750 – Fabre d’Églantine, French actor, playwright, and politician (d. 1794)
    • 1783 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck, German army officer and writer (d. 1860)
    • 1796 – Ignaz Bösendorfer, Austrian businessman, founded the Bösendorfer Company (d. 1859)
    • 1804 – Ludwig Feuerbach, German anthropologist and philosopher (d. 1872)
    • 1815 – Stefan Dunjov, Bulgarian colonel (d. 1889)
    • 1844 – Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet (d. 1889)
    • 1857 – Ballington Booth, English-American activist, co-founded Volunteers of America (d. 1940)
    • 1860 – Elias M. Ammons, American businessman and politician, 19th Governor of Colorado (d. 1925)
    • 1860 – Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia (d. 1922)
    • 1863 – Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski, Russian general (d. 1919)
    • 1866 – Beatrix Potter, English children’s book writer and illustrator (d. 1943)
    • 1866 – Albertson Van Zo Post, American fencer (d. 1938)
    • 1867 – Charles Dillon Perrine, American-Argentinian astronomer (d. 1951)
    • 1872 – Albert Sarraut, French journalist and politician, 106th Prime Minister of France (d. 1962)
    • 1874 – Ernst Cassirer, Polish-American philosopher and academic (d. 1945)
    • 1879 – Lucy Burns, American activist, co-founded the National Woman’s Party (d. 1966)
    • 1879 – Stefan Filipkiewicz, Polish painter (d. 1944)
    • 1887 – Marcel Duchamp, French-American painter and sculptor (d. 1968)
    • 1887 – Willard Price, Canadian-American journalist and author (d. 1983)
    • 1893 – Rued Langgaard, Danish organist and composer (d. 1952)
    • 1896 – Barbara La Marr, American actress and screenwriter (d. 1926)
    • 1898 – Lawrence Gray, American actor (d. 1970)
    • 1901 – Freddie Fitzsimmons, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1979)
    • 1901 – Rudy Vallée, American actor, singer, and saxophonist (d. 1986)
    • 1902 – Albert Namatjira, Australian painter (d. 1959)
    • 1902 – Sir Karl Popper, Austrian-English philosopher and academic (d. 1994)
    • 1907 – Earl Tupper, American inventor and businessman, founded Tupperware Brands (d. 1983)
    • 1909 – Aenne Burda, German publisher (d. 2005)
    • 1909 – Malcolm Lowry, English novelist and poet (d. 1957)
    • 1914 – Carmen Dragon, American conductor and composer (d. 1984)
    • 1915 – Charles Hard Townes, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)
    • 1915 – Dick Sprang, American illustrator (d. 2000)
    • 1915 – Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician (d. 1998)
    • 1916 – David Brown, American journalist and producer (d. 2010)
    • 1920 – Andrew V. McLaglen, English-American director and producer (d. 2014)
    • 1922 – Jacques Piccard, Belgian-Swiss oceanographer and engineer (d. 2008)
    • 1923 – Ray Ellis, American conductor and producer (d. 2008)
    • 1924 – Luigi Musso, Italian race car driver (d. 1958)
    • 1924 – C. T. Vivian, American minister, author, and activist
    • 1925 – Baruch Samuel Blumberg, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
    • 1926 – Charlie Biddle, American-Canadian bassist (d. 2003)
    • 1927 – John Ashbery, American poet (d. 2017)
    • 1929 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, American journalist and socialite, 37th First Lady of the United States (d. 1994)
    • 1929 – Shirley Ann Grau, American novelist and short story writer
    • 1930 – Firoza Begum, Bangladeshi singer (d. 2014)
    • 1930 – Junior Kimbrough, American singer and guitarist (d. 1998)
    • 1930 – Jean Roba, Belgian author and illustrator (d. 2006)
    • 1930 – Ramsey Muir Withers, Canadian general (d. 2014)
    • 1931 – Alan Brownjohn, English poet and author
    • 1931 – Johnny Martin, Australian cricketer (d. 1992)
    • 1932 – Natalie Babbitt, American author and illustrator (d. 2016)
    • 1932 – Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, Brazilian colonel (d. 2015)
    • 1933 – Charlie Hodge, Canadian ice hockey player and scout (d. 2016)
    • 1934 – Jacques d’Amboise, American dancer and choreographer
    • 1935 – Neil McKendrick, English historian and academic
    • 1936 – Russ Jackson, Canadian football player and coach
    • 1936 – Garfield Sobers, Barbadian cricketer
    • 1937 – Francis Veber, French director and screenwriter
    • 1938 – Luis Aragonés, Spanish footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2014)
    • 1938 – Arsen Dedić, Croatian singer-songwriter and poet (d. 2015)
    • 1938 – Alberto Fujimori, Peruvian engineer, academic, and politician, 90th President of Peru
    • 1938 – Chuan Leekpai, Thai lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Thailand
    • 1939 – Richard Johns, English air marshal
    • 1940 – Philip Proctor, American voice actor and screenwriter
    • 1941 – Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor and educator
    • 1941 – Susan Roces, Filipino actress and producer
    • 1942 – Marty Brennaman, American sportscaster
    • 1942 – Tonia Marketaki, Greek director and screenwriter (d. 1994)
    • 1943 – Mike Bloomfield, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 1981)
    • 1943 – Bill Bradley, American basketball player and politician
    • 1943 – Richard Wright, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player (d. 2008)
    • 1945 – Jim Davis, American cartoonist, created Garfield
    • 1946 – Jonathan Edwards, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1946 – Linda Kelsey, American actress
    • 1946 – Fahmida Riaz, Pakistani poet and activist
    • 1947 – Peter Cosgrove, Australian general and politician, 26th Governor General of Australia
    • 1947 – Sally Struthers, American actress
    • 1948 – Gerald Casale, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and director
    • 1948 – Eiichi Ohtaki, Japanese singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2013)
    • 1949 – Vida Blue, American baseball player and sportscaster
    • 1949 – Peter Doyle, Australian singer and guitarist (d. 2001)
    • 1949 – Simon Kirke, English drummer
    • 1949 – Steve Peregrin Took, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1980)
    • 1949 – Randall Wallace, American screenwriter and producer
    • 1950 – Shahyar Ghanbari, Iranian singer-songwriter
    • 1950 – Tapley Seaton, Kittitian politician, 4th Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • 1951 – Santiago Calatrava, Spanish architect and engineer, designed the Athens Olympic Sports Complex
    • 1951 – Doug Collins, American basketball player and coach
    • 1951 – Gregg Giuffria, American rock musician and businessman
    • 1951 – Ray Kennedy, English footballer
    • 1952 – Vajiralongkorn, King of Thailand
    • 1954 – Hugo Chávez, Venezuelan colonel and politician, President of Venezuela (d. 2013)
    • 1954 – Gerd Faltings, German mathematician and academic
    • 1954 – Steve Morse, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1954 – Mikey Sheehy, Irish footballer
    • 1955 – Nikolay Zimyatov, Russian skier
    • 1956 – John Feinstein, American journalist and author
    • 1956 – Robert Swan, English explorer
    • 1958 – Terry Fox, Canadian runner and activist (d. 1981)
    • 1958 – Michael Hitchcock, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1959 – William T. Vollmann, American novelist, short story writer and journalist
    • 1960 – Luiz Fernando Carvalho, Brazilian director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1960 – Jon J. Muth, American author and illustrator
    • 1960 – Yōichi Takahashi, Japanese illustrator
    • 1961 – Yannick Dalmas, French race car driver
    • 1962 – Rachel Sweet, American singer, television writer, and actress
    • 1964 – Lori Loughlin, American actress
    • 1965 – Priscilla Chan, Hong Kong singer
    • 1966 – Sossina M. Haile, Ethiopian American chemist
    • 1966 – Miguel Ángel Nadal, Spanish footballer
    • 1966 – Jimmy Pardo, American stand-up comedian, actor, and host
    • 1966 – Shikao Suga, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1967 – Taka Hirose, Japanese bass player
    • 1969 – Garth Snow, American ice hockey player and manager
    • 1969 – Alexis Arquette, American actress (d. 2016)
    • 1970 – Michael Amott, Swedish guitarist and songwriter
    • 1970 – Isabelle Brasseur, Canadian figure skater
    • 1970 – Paul Strang, Zimbabwean cricketer and coach
    • 1971 – Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Iraqi leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
    • 1971 – Ludmilla Lacueva Canut, Andorran writer
    • 1971 – Stephen Lynch, American singer-songwriter and actor
    • 1971 – Annie Perreault, Canadian speed skater
    • 1972 – Robert Chapman, English cricketer
    • 1973 – Marc Dupré, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1973 – Steve Staios, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1974 – Alexis Tsipras, Greek engineer and politician, 186th Prime Minister of Greece
    • 1974 – Elizabeth Berkley, American actress
    • 1975 – Leonor Watling, Spanish actress
    • 1976 – Jacoby Shaddix, American singer-songwriter
    • 1977 – Aki Berg, Finnish-Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1977 – Manu Ginóbili, Argentinian basketball player
    • 1977 – Miyabiyama Tetsushi, Japanese sumo wrestler
    • 1978 – Kārlis Vērdiņš, Latvian poet
    • 1978 – Hitomi Yaida, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1979 – Henrik Hansen, Danish footballer
    • 1979 – Birgitta Haukdal, Icelandic singer-songwriter and producer
    • 1979 – Lee Min-woo, South Korean singer-songwriter and dancer
    • 1979 – Alena Popchanka, Belarusian-French swimmer and coach
    • 1980 – Stephen Christian, American singer-songwriter
    • 1980 – Anthony Weaver, American football player
    • 1981 – Michael Carrick, English footballer
    • 1983 – Sam Dastyari, Iranian-Australian politician
    • 1983 – Cody Hay, Canadian figure skater
    • 1984 – Zach Parise, American ice hockey player
    • 1985 – Mathieu Debuchy, French footballer
    • 1985 – Dustin Milligan, Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1985 – Darren Murphy, Irish footballer
    • 1986 – Alexandra Chando, American actress
    • 1986 – Lauri Korpikoski, Finnish ice hockey player
    • 1986 – Dulquer Salmaan, Indian actor
    • 1987 – Yasser Corona, Mexican footballer
    • 1987 – Yevhen Khacheridi, Ukrainian-Greek footballer
    • 1987 – Pedro, Spanish footballer
    • 1988 – Greg Hardy, American football player
    • 1989 – Felipe Kitadai, Brazilian martial artist
    • 1990 – Soulja Boy, American rapper, producer, and actor
    • 1990 – Simone Pizzuti, Italian footballer
    • 1993 – Harry Kane, English footballer
    • 1993 – Moses Odubajo, English footballer
    • 1993 – Cher Lloyd, English singer-songwriter
    • 1995 – Josh Addo-Carr, Australian rugby league player

    Deaths on July 28

    • 450 – Theodosius II, Roman emperor (b. 401)
    • 938 – Thankmar, half-brother of Otto I (during Siege of Eresburg) (b. c. 908)
    • 942 – Shi Jingtang, emperor of Later Jin (b. 892)
    • 1057 – Victor II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1018)
    • 1128 – William Clito, English son of Sybilla of Conversano (b. 1102)
    • 1230 – Leopold VI, Duke of Austria (b. 1176)
    • 1271 – Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (b. 1220)
    • 1285 – Keran, Queen of Armenia
    • 1333 – Guy VIII of Viennois, Dauphin of Vienne (b. 1309)
    • 1345 – Sancia of Majorca, queen regent of Naples (b. c. 1285)
    • 1458 – John II, king of Cyprus and Armenia
    • 1488 – Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (at the Battle of St. Aubin-du-Cormier)
    • 1508 – Robert Blackadder, bishop of Glasgow
    • 1527 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish explorer, founded the city of Santa Marta (b. 1460)
    • 1540 – Thomas Cromwell, English lawyer and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1495)
    • 1585 – Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford (b. 1527)
    • 1631 – Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish playwright (b. 1569)
    • 1655 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French poet and playwright (b. 1619)
    • 1667 – Abraham Cowley, English poet and author (b. 1618)
    • 1675 – Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer and politician (b. 1605)
    • 1685 – Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, English politician and diplomat, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (b. 1618)
    • 1718 – Étienne Baluze, French scholar and academic (b. 1630)
    • 1741 – Antonio Vivaldi, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1678)
    • 1750 – Johann Sebastian Bach, German organist and composer (b. 1685)
    • 1762 – George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Somerset (b. 1691)
    • 1794 – Maximilien Robespierre, French lawyer and politician, 2nd President of the Committee of Public Safety (b. 1758)
    • 1794 – Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French soldier and politician (b. 1767)
    • 1808 – Selim III, Ottoman sultan (b. 1761)
    • 1809 – Richard Beckett, English cricketer and captain (b.1772)
    • 1818 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and engineer (b. 1746)
    • 1835 – Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise, French general and politician, 15th Prime Minister of France (b. 1768)
    • 1836 – Nathan Mayer Rothschild, German-English banker and financier (b. 1777)
    • 1842 – Clemens Brentano, German author and poet (b. 1778)
    • 1844 – Joseph Bonaparte, French diplomat and brother of Napoleon (b. 1768)
    • 1849 – Charles Albert of Sardinia (b. 1798)
    • 1869 – Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Czech anatomist and physiologist (b. 1787)
    • 1878 – George Law Curry, American publisher and politician (b. 1820)
    • 1885 – Moses Montefiore, British philanthropist, sheriff and banker (b. 1784)
    • 1895 – Edward Beecher, American minister and theologian (b. 1803)
    • 1930 – John DeWitt, American hammer thrower (b. 1881)
    • 1930 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist and optician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
    • 1933 – Nishinoumi Kajirō III, Japanese sumo wrestler, 30th yokozuna (b. 1890)
    • 1934 – Marie Dressler, Canadian-American actress and singer (b. 1868)
    • 1934 – Louis Tancred, South African cricketer and pilot (b. 1876)
    • 1935 – Meletius IV of Constantinople (b. 1871)
    • 1942 – Flinders Petrie, English archaeologist and academic (b. 1853)
    • 1946 – Saint Alphonsa, first woman of Indian origin to be Canonization as a saint by the Catholic Church (b. 1910)
    • 1957 – Edith Abbott, American economist, social worker, and educator (b. 1876)
    • 1957 – Isaac Heinemann, German-Israeli scholar and academic (b. 1876)
    • 1965 – Edogawa Ranpo, Japanese author and critic (b. 1894)
    • 1965 – Attallah Suheimat, Jordanian politician (b. 1875)
    • 1967 – Karl W. Richter, American lieutenant and pilot (b. 1942)
    • 1968 – Otto Hahn, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879)
    • 1969 – Ramón Grau, Cuban physician and politician, 6th President of Cuba (b. 1882)
    • 1969 – Frank Loesser, American composer (b. 1910)
    • 1971 – Lawrence Moore Cosgrave, Canadian colonel and diplomat (b. 1890)
    • 1971 – Myril Hoag, American baseball player (b. 1908)
    • 1971 – Charles E. Pont, French-American minister and painter (b. 1898)
    • 1972 – Helen Traubel, American soprano and actress (b. 1903)
    • 1979 – Don Miller, American football player and coach (b. 1902)
    • 1979 – Charles Shadwell, English conductor and bandleader (b. 1898)
    • 1980 – Rose Rand, Austrian-born American logician and philosopher (b. 1903)
    • 1981 – Stanley Rother, American priest and missionary (b. 1935)
    • 1982 – Keith Green, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1953)
    • 1987 – Jack Renshaw, Australian politician, 31st Premier of New South Wales (b. 1909)
    • 1990 – Jill Esmond, English actress (b. 1908)
    • 1992 – Sulev Nõmmik, Estonian actor and director (b. 1931)
    • 1993 – Stanley Woods, Irish motorcycle racer (b. 1903)
    • 1996 – Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and academic (b. 1908)
    • 1997 – Rosalie Crutchley, English actress (b. 1920)
    • 1997 – Seni Pramoj, Thai lawyer and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1905)
    • 1998 – Zbigniew Herbert, Polish poet and author (b. 1924)
    • 1998 – Lenny McLean, English boxer, actor, and author (b. 1949)
    • 1998 – Consalvo Sanesi, Italian race car driver (b. 1911)
    • 1999 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
    • 2000 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-American physicist and historian (b. 1918)
    • 2001 – Ahmed Sofa, Bangladeshi poet, author, and critic (b. 1943)
    • 2002 – Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
    • 2003 – Valerie Goulding, Irish activist and politician (b. 1918)
    • 2004 – Francis Crick, English biologist and biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
    • 2004 – Tiziano Terzani, Italian journalist and author (b. 1938)
    • 2006 – David Gemmell, English author (b. 1948)
    • 2007 – Karl Gotch, Belgian-American wrestler and trainer (b. 1924)
    • 2007 – Jim LeRoy, American soldier and pilot (b. 1961)
    • 2009 – Jim Johnson, American football player and coach (b. 1941)
    • 2011 – Abdul Fatah Younis, Libyan general (b. 1944)
    • 2012 – Colin Horsley, New Zealand-English pianist and educator (b. 1920)
    • 2012 – Sepp Mayerl, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1937)
    • 2012 – William F. Milliken Jr., American race car driver and engineer (b. 1911)
    • 2013 – Mustafa Adrisi, Ugandan general and politician, 3rd Vice President of Uganda (b. 1922)
    • 2013 – Eileen Brennan, American actress and singer (b. 1932)
    • 2013. – Rita Reys, Dutch jazz singer (b. 1924)
    • 2013 – William Scranton, American captain and politician, 13th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (b. 1917)
    • 2013 – Ersilio Tonini, Italian cardinal (b. 1914)
    • 2014 – Margot Adler, American journalist and author (b. 1946)
    • 2014 – Alex Forbes, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1925)
    • 2014 – Alakbar Mammadov, Azerbaijani footballer and manager (b. 1930)
    • 2014 – Theodore Van Kirk, American soldier, pilot, and navigator (b. 1921)
    • 2015 – Jan Kulczyk, Polish businessman (b. 1950)
    • 2015 – Edward Natapei, Vanuatuan politician, 6th Prime Minister of Vanuatu (b. 1954)
    • 2015 – Clive Rice, South African cricketer and coach (b. 1949)
    • 2016 – Émile Derlin Zinsou, Beninese politician (b. 1918)
    • 2016 – Mahasweta Devi, Indian Bengali fiction writer and socio-political activist (b. 1926)
    • 2018 – Wanny van Gils, Dutch footballer (b. 1959)

    Holidays and observances on July 28

    • Christian feast day:
      • Alphonsa Muttathupadathu (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)
      • Botvid
      • Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederick Handel, Henry Purcell (Episcopal Church commemoration)
      • Johann Sebastian Bach, Heinrich Schütz, George Frederick Handel (Lutheran commemoration)
      • Nazarius and Celsus
      • Pedro Poveda Castroverde
      • Pope Innocent I
      • Pope Victor I
      • Samson of Dol
      • July 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Day of Commemoration of the Great Upheaval (Canada)
    • Earliest day on which Emancipation Day can fall, while August 3 is the latest; celebrated on Thursday before the first Monday in August (Bermuda)
    • Fiestas Patrias, celebrates the independence of Peru from Spain by General José de San Martín in 1821.
    • Liberation Day (San Marino)
    • Ólavsøka Eve (Faroe Islands)
    • World Hepatitis Day

  • July 19 – History, Events, Births, Deaths Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
    • 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital.
    • 711 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Battle of Guadalete: Umayyad forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by King Roderic.
    • 939 – Battle of Simancas: King Ramiro II of León defeats the Moorish army under Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III near the city of Simancas.
    • 998 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Battle of Apamea: Fatimids defeat a Byzantine army near Apamea.
    • 1333 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Halidon Hill: The English win a decisive victory over the Scots.
    • 1544 – Italian War of 1542–46: The first Siege of Boulogne begins.
    • 1545 – The Tudor warship Mary Rose sinks off Portsmouth; in 1982 the wreck is salvaged in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology.
    • 1553 – Lady Jane Grey is replaced by Mary I of England as Queen of England after only nine days on the throne.
    • 1588 – Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is sighted in the English Channel.
    • 1701 – Representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy sign the Nanfan Treaty, ceding a large territory north of the Ohio River to England.
    • 1702 – Great Northern War: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of Augustus II the Strong, operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King Charles XII in the Battle of Klissow.
    • 1817 – Unsuccessful in his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Hawaii for the Russian-American Company, Georg Anton Schäffer is forced to admit defeat and leave Kauai.
    • 1821 – Coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom.
    • 1832 – The British Medical Association is founded as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association by Sir Charles Hastings at a meeting in the Board Room of the Worcester Infirmary.
    • 1843 – Brunel’s steamship the SS Great Britain is launched, becoming the first ocean-going craft with an iron hull and screw propeller, becoming the largest vessel afloat in the world.
    • 1845 – Great New York City Fire of 1845: The last great fire to affect Manhattan began early in the morning and was subdued that afternoon. The fire killed four firefighters, 26 civilians, and destroyed 345 buildings.
    • 1848 – Women’s rights: A two-day Women’s Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York.
    • 1863 – American Civil War: Morgan’s Raid: At Buffington Island in Ohio, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan’s raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are captured while trying to escape across the Ohio River.
    • 1864 – Taiping Rebellion: Third Battle of Nanking: The Qing dynasty finally defeats the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
    • 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.
    • 1900 – The first line of the Paris Métro opens for operation.
    • 1903 – Maurice Garin wins the first Tour de France.
    • 1916 – World War I: Battle of Fromelles: British and Australian troops attack German trenches as part of the Battle of the Somme.
    • 1936 – Spanish Civil War: The CNT and UGT call a general strike in Spain – mobilizing workers’ militias against the Nationalist forces.
    • 1940 – World War II: Battle of Cape Spada: The Royal Navy and the Regia Marina clash; the Italian light cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni sinks, with 121 casualties.
    • 1940 – Field Marshal Ceremony: First occasion in World War II, that Hitler appointed field marshals due to military achievements.
    • 1940 – World War II: Army order 112 forms the Intelligence Corps of the British Army.
    • 1942 – World War II: The Second Happy Time of Hitler’s submarines comes to an end, as the increasingly effective American convoy system compels them to return to the central Atlantic.
    • 1943 – World War II: Rome is heavily bombed by more than 500 Allied aircraft, inflicting thousands of casualties.
    • 1947 – Prime Minister of the shadow Burmese government, Bogyoke Aung San and eight others are assassinated.
    • 1947 – Korean politician Lyuh Woon-hyung is assassinated.
    • 1952 – Opening of the Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.
    • 1961 – Tunisia imposes a blockade on the French naval base at Bizerte; the French would capture the entire town four days later.
    • 1963 – Joe Walker flies a North American X-15 to a record altitude of 106,010 meters (347,800 feet) on X-15 Flight 90. Exceeding an altitude of 100 km, this flight qualifies as a human spaceflight under international convention.
    • 1964 – Vietnam War: At a rally in Saigon, South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Khánh calls for expanding the war into North Vietnam.
    • 1969 – Chappaquiddick incident: U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy crashes his car into a tidal pond at Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, killing his passenger Mary Jo Kopechne.
    • 1972 – Dhofar Rebellion: British SAS units help the Omani government against Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman rebels in the Battle of Mirbat.
    • 1976 – Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal is created.
    • 1977 – The world’s first Global Positioning System (GPS) signal was transmitted from Navigation Technology Satellite 2 (NTS-2) and received at Rockwell Collins in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, at 12:41 a.m. Eastern time (ET).
    • 1979 – The Sandinista rebels overthrow the government of the Somoza family in Nicaragua.
    • 1979 – The oil tanker SS Atlantic Empress collides with another oil tanker, causing the largest ever ship-borne oil spill.
    • 1980 – Opening of the Summer Olympics in Moscow.
    • 1981 – In a private meeting with U.S. President Ronald Reagan, French President François Mitterrand reveals the existence of the Farewell Dossier, a collection of documents showing the Soviet Union had been stealing American technological research and development.
    • 1982 – In one of the first militant attacks by Hezbollah, David S. Dodge, president of the American University of Beirut, is kidnapped.
    • 1983 – The first three-dimensional reconstruction of a human head in a CT is published.
    • 1985 – The Val di Stava dam collapses killing 268 people in Val di Stava, Italy.
    • 1989 – United Airlines Flight 232 crashes in Sioux City, Iowa killing 111.
    • 1992 – A car bomb kills Judge Paolo Borsellino and five members of his escort.
    • 1997 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army resumes a ceasefire to end their 25-year paramilitary campaign to end British rule in Northern Ireland.
    • 2014 – Gunmen in Egypt’s western desert province of New Valley Governorate attack a military checkpoint, killing at least 21 soldiers. Egypt reportedly declares a state of emergency on its border with Sudan.

    Births on July 19

    • 810 – Muhammad al-Bukhari, Persian scholar (d. 870)
    • 1223 – Baibars, sultan of Egypt (d. 1277)
    • 1420 – William VIII, Marquess of Montferrat (d. 1483)
    • 1569 – Conrad Vorstius, Dutch theologian (d. 1622)
    • 1670 – Richard Leveridge, English singer-songwriter (d. 1758)
    • 1688 – Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian missionary and painter (d. 1766)
    • 1744 – Heinrich Christian Boie, German author and poet (d. 1806)
    • 1759 – Marianna Auenbrugger, Austrian pianist and composer (d. 1782)
    • 1759 – Seraphim of Sarov, Russian monk and saint (d. 1833)
    • 1771 – Thomas Talbot, Irish-Canadian colonel and politician (d. 1853)
    • 1794 – José Justo Corro, Mexican politician and president, (1836-1837) (d. 1864)
    • 1789 – John Martin, English painter, engraver, and illustrator (d. 1854)
    • 1800 – Juan José Flores, Venezuelan general and politician, 1st President of Ecuador (d. 1864)
    • 1814 – Samuel Colt, American businessman, founded the Colt’s Manufacturing Company (d. 1862)
    • 1819 – Gottfried Keller, Swiss author, poet, and playwright (d. 1890)
    • 1822 – Princess Augusta of Cambridge (d. 1916)
    • 1827 – Mangal Pandey, Indian soldier (d. 1857)
    • 1834 – Edgar Degas, French painter, sculptor, and illustrator (d. 1917)
    • 1835 – Justo Rufino Barrios, Guatemalan president (d. 1885)
    • 1842 – Frederic T. Greenhalge, English-American lawyer and politician, 38th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1896)
    • 1846 – Edward Charles Pickering, American astronomer and physicist (d. 1919)
    • 1849 – Ferdinand Brunetière, French scholar and critic (d. 1906)
    • 1865 – Georges Friedel, French mineralogist and crystallographer (d. 1933)
    • 1865 – Charles Horace Mayo, American surgeon, founded the Mayo Clinic (d. 1939)
    • 1860 – Lizzie Borden, American woman, tried and acquitted for the murders of her parents in 1892 (d. 1927)
    • 1868 – Florence Foster Jenkins, American soprano and educator (d. 1944)
    • 1869 – Xenophon Stratigos, Greek general and politician, Greek Minister of Transport (d. 1927)
    • 1875 – Alice Dunbar Nelson, African-American poet and activist (d. 1935)
    • 1876 – Joseph Fielding Smith, American religious leader, 10th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1972)
    • 1877 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (d. 1949)
    • 1881 – Friedrich Dessauer, German physicist and philosopher (d. 1963)
    • 1883 – Max Fleischer, Austrian-American animator and producer (d. 1972)
    • 1886 – Michael Fekete, Hungarian-Israeli mathematician and academic (d. 1957)
    • 1888 – Enno Lolling, German physician (d. 1945)
    • 1890 – George II of Greece (d. 1947)
    • 1892 – Dick Irvin, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1957)
    • 1893 – Vladimir Mayakovsky, Russian actor, playwright, and poet (d. 1930)
    • 1894 – Aleksandr Khinchin, Russian mathematician and academic (d. 1959)
    • 1894 – Khawaja Nazimuddin, Bangladeshi-Pakistani politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1965)
    • 1894 – Percy Spencer, American physicist and inventor of the microwave oven (d. 1969)
    • 1895 – Xu Beihong, Chinese painter and academic (d. 1953)
    • 1896 – Reginald Baker, English film producer (d. 1985)
    • 1896 – A. J. Cronin, Scottish physician and novelist (d. 1981)
    • 1896 – Bob Meusel, American baseball player and sailor (d. 1977)
    • 1898 – Herbert Marcuse, German-American sociologist and philosopher (d. 1979)
    • 1899 – Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay, Indian physician, author, poet, and playwright (d. 1979)
    • 1902 – Samudrala Raghavacharya, Indian singer, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1968)
    • 1904 – Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, American lawyer and farmer (d. 1985)
    • 1907 – Isabel Jewell, American actress (d. 1972)
    • 1908 – Daniel Fry, American contactee (d. 1992)
    • 1909 – Balamani Amma, Indian poet and author (d. 2004)
    • 1912 – Peter Leo Gerety, American prelate (d. 2016)
    • 1914 – Marius Russo, American baseball player (d. 2005)
    • 1915 – Åke Hellman, Finnish painter (d. 2017)
    • 1916 – Phil Cavarretta, American baseball player and manager (d. 2010)
    • 1917 – William Scranton, American captain and politician, 13th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 2013)
    • 1919 – Patricia Medina, English-American actress (d. 2012)
    • 1919 – Miltos Sachtouris, Greek poet and author (d. 2005)
    • 1919 – Ron Searle, English-Canadian soldier, publisher, and politician, 4th Mayor of Mississauga (d. 2015)
    • 1920 – Robert Mann, American violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 2018)
    • 1920 – Richard Oriani, Salvadoran-American metallurgist and engineer (d. 2015)
    • 1921 – Harold Camping, American evangelist, author, radio host (d. 2013)
    • 1921 – André Moynet, French soldier, race car driver, and politician (d. 1993)
    • 1921 – Elizabeth Spencer, American novelist, short story writer, and playwright (d. 2019)
    • 1921 – Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
    • 1922 – George McGovern, American lieutenant, historian, and politician (d. 2012)
    • 1922 – Rachel Robinson, American professor, registered nurse, and the widow of baseball player Jackie Robinson
    • 1923 – Theo Barker, English historian (d. 2001)
    • 1923 – Alex Hannum, American basketball player and coach (d. 2002)
    • 1923 – Joseph Hansen, American author and poet (d. 2004)
    • 1923 – William A. Rusher, American lawyer and journalist (d. 2011)
    • 1923 – Lon Simmons, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2015)
    • 1924 – Stanley K. Hathaway, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 40th United States Secretary of the Interior (d. 2005)
    • 1924 – Pat Hingle, American actor and producer (d. 2009)
    • 1924 – Arthur Rankin Jr., American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2014)
    • 1925 – Sue Thompson, American singer
    • 1926 – Helen Gallagher, American actress, singer, and dancer
    • 1928 – Samuel John Hazo, American author
    • 1928 – Choi Yun-chil, South Korean long-distance runner and a two-time national champion in the marathon.
    • 1929 – Gaston Glock, Austrian engineer and businessman, co-founded Glock Ges.m.b.H.
    • 1929 – Orville Turnquest, Bahamian politician
    • 1932 – Buster Benton, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1996)
    • 1932 – Jan Lindblad, Swedish biologist and photographer (d. 1987)
    • 1934 – Francisco de Sá Carneiro, Portuguese lawyer and politician, 111th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1980)
    • 1935 – Nick Koback, American baseball player and golfer (d. 2015)
    • 1936 – David Colquhoun, English pharmacologist and academic
    • 1937 – George Hamilton IV, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2014)
    • 1938 – Richard Jordan, American actor (d. 1993)
    • 1938 – Jayant Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist and astronomer
    • 1938 – Tom Raworth, English poet and academic (d. 2017)
    • 1941 – Vikki Carr, American singer and actress
    • 1941 – Neelie Kroes, Dutch politician and diplomat, European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society
    • 1943 – Han Sai Por, Singaporean sculptor and academic
    • 1944 – Tim McIntire, American actor and singer (d. 1986)
    • 1944 – Andres Vooremaa, Estonian chess player
    • 1945 – Paule Baillargeon, Canadian actress, director, and screenwriter
    • 1946 – Alan Gorrie, Scottish singer-songwriter and musician (Average White Band)
    • 1946 – Ilie Năstase, Romanian tennis player and politician
    • 1947 – André Forcier, Canadian director and screenwriter
    • 1947 – Hans-Jürgen Kreische, German footballer and manager
    • 1947 – Bernie Leadon, American guitarist and songwriter
    • 1947 – Brian May, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and astrophysicist
    • 1948 – Keith Godchaux, American keyboard player and songwriter (d. 1980)
    • 1949 – Kgalema Motlanthe, South African politician, 3rd President of South Africa
    • 1950 – Per-Kristian Foss, Norwegian politician, Norwegian Minister of Finance
    • 1950 – Freddy Moore, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1950 – Adrian Noble, English director and screenwriter
    • 1951 – Abel Ferrara, American director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1952 – Allen Collins, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 1990)
    • 1952 – Jayne Anne Phillips American novelist and short story writer
    • 1954 – Mark O’Donnell, American playwright (d. 2012)
    • 1954 – Steve O’Donnell, American screenwriter and producer
    • 1954 – Srđa Trifković, Serbian-American journalist and historian
    • 1955 – Roger Binny, Indian cricketer and sportscaster
    • 1955 – Dalton McGuinty, Canadian lawyer and politician, 24th Premier of Ontario
    • 1956 – Mark Crispin, American computer scientist, designed the IMAP (d. 2012)
    • 1958 – Brad Drewett, Australian tennis player and sportscaster (d. 2013)
    • 1958 – Robert Gibson, American wrestler
    • 1958 – David Robertson, American conductor
    • 1959 – Juan J. Campanella, Argentinian director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1960 – Atom Egoyan, Egyptian-Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1960 – Kevin Haskins, English drummer and songwriter
    • 1961 – Harsha Bhogle, Indian journalist and author
    • 1961 – Maria Filatova, Russian gymnast
    • 1961 – Lisa Lampanelli, American comedian, actress, and author
    • 1961 – Benoît Mariage, Belgian director and screenwriter
    • 1961 – Hideo Nakata, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1961 – Campbell Scott, American actor, director, and producer
    • 1962 – Anthony Edwards, American actor and director
    • 1963 – Thomas Gabriel Fischer, Swiss musician
    • 1963 – Garth Nix, Australian author
    • 1964 – Teresa Edwards, American basketball player
    • 1964 – Masahiko Kondō, Japanese singer-songwriter and race car driver
    • 1965 – Evelyn Glennie, Scottish musician
    • 1965 – Claus-Dieter Wollitz, German footballer and manager
    • 1967 – Yael Abecassis, Israeli model and actress
    • 1967 – Jean-François Mercier, Canadian comedian, screenwriter, and television host
    • 1968 – Robb Flynn, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
    • 1968 – Pavel Kuka, Czech footballer and manager
    • 1968 – Jim Norton, American comedian, actor, and author
    • 1969 – Matthew Libatique, American cinematographer
    • 1970 – Bill Chen, American poker player and software designer
    • 1970 – Nicola Sturgeon, Scottish lawyer and politician, First Minister of Scotland
    • 1971 – Rene Busch, Estonian tennis player and coach
    • 1971 – Vitali Klitschko, Ukrainian boxer and politician, Mayor of Kiev
    • 1971 – Michael Modest, American wrestler
    • 1971 – Catriona Rowntree, Australian television host
    • 1971 – Lesroy Weekes, Montserratian cricketer
    • 1972 – Ebbe Sand, Danish footballer and manager
    • 1973 – Martin Powell, English keyboard player and songwriter
    • 1973 – Scott Walker, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
    • 1974 – Rey Bucanero, Mexican wrestler
    • 1974 – Francisco Copado, German footballer and manager
    • 1974 – Josée Piché, Canadian ice dancer
    • 1974 – Vince Spadea, American tennis player
    • 1974 – Preston Wilson, American baseball player and sportscaster
    • 1975 – Luca Castellazzi, Italian footballer
    • 1976 – Benedict Cumberbatch, English actor
    • 1976 – Gonzalo de los Santos, Uruguayan footballer and manager
    • 1977 – Jean-Sébastien Aubin, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1977 – Tony Mamaluke, American wrestler and manager
    • 1977 – Ed Smith, English cricketer and journalist
    • 1979 – Rick Ankiel, American baseball player
    • 1979 – Josué Anunciado de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer
    • 1979 – Dilhara Fernando, Sri Lankan cricketer
    • 1979 – Luke Young, English footballer
    • 1980 – Xavier Malisse, Belgian tennis player
    • 1980 – Giorgio Mondini, Italian race car driver
    • 1981 – Nenê, Brazilian footballer
    • 1981 – David Bernard, Jamaican cricketer
    • 1981 – Mark Gasnier, Australian rugby player and sportscaster
    • 1981 – Jimmy Gobble, American baseball player
    • 1981 – Grégory Vignal, French footballer
    • 1982 – Christopher Bear, American drummer
    • 1982 – Phil Coke, American baseball player
    • 1982 – Jared Padalecki, American actor
    • 1982 – Jess Vanstrattan, Australian footballer
    • 1983 – Helen Skelton, English television host and actress
    • 1983 – Fedor Tyutin, Russian ice hockey player
    • 1984 – Andrea Libman, Canadian voice actress
    • 1984 – Adam Morrison, American basketball player
    • 1984 – Ryan O’Byrne, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1984 – Lewis Price, Welsh footballer
    • 1985 – LaMarcus Aldridge, American basketball player
    • 1985 – Zhou Haibin, Chinese footballer
    • 1985 – Marina Kuzina, Russian basketball player
    • 1985 – Hadi Norouzi, Iranian footballer (d. 2015)
    • 1986 – Leandro Greco, Italian footballer
    • 1987 – Jon Jones, American mixed martial artist
    • 1987 – Marc Murphy, Australian footballer
    • 1988 – Shane Dawson, American comedian and actor
    • 1988 – Kevin Großkreutz, German footballer
    • 1988 – Jakub Kovář, Czech ice hockey player
    • 1989 – Sam McKendry, Australian-New Zealand rugby league player
    • 1991 – Eray İşcan, Turkish footballer
    • 1992 – Jake Nicholson, English footballer
    • 1994 – Christian Welch, Australian rugby league player
    • 1998 – Erin Cuthbert, footballer
    • 1998 – Ronaldo Vieira, Bissau-Guinean footballer

    Deaths on July 19

    • 514 – Symmachus, pope of the Catholic Church
    • 806 – Li Shigu, Chinese general (b. 778)
    • 973 – Kyunyeo, Korean monk and poet (b. 917)
    • 998 – Damian Dalassenos, Byzantine general (b. 940)
    • 1030 – Adalberon, French bishop
    • 1234 – Floris IV, Dutch nobleman (b. 1210)
    • 1249 – Jacopo Tiepolo, doge of Venice
    • 1333 – John Campbell, Scottish nobleman
    • 1333 – Alexander Bruce, Scottish nobleman
    • 1333 – Sir Archibald Douglas, Scottish nobleman
    • 1333 – Maol Choluim II, Scottish nobleman
    • 1333 – Kenneth de Moravia, 4th Earl of Sutherland
    • 1374 – Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar (b. 1304)
    • 1415 – Philippa of Lancaster, Portuguese queen (b. 1360)
    • 1543 – Mary Boleyn, English daughter of Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (b. 1499)
    • 1631 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher and academic (b. 1550)
    • 1742 – William Somervile, English poet and author (b. 1675)
    • 1810 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prussian queen (b. 1776)
    • 1814 – Matthew Flinders, English navigator and cartographer (b. 1774)
    • 1824 – Agustín de Iturbide, Mexican general and emperor (b. 1783)
    • 1838 – Pierre Louis Dulong, French physicist and chemist (b. 1785)
    • 1850 – Margaret Fuller, American journalist and critic (b. 1810)
    • 1855 – Konstantin Batyushkov, Russian poet and translator (b. 1787)
    • 1857 – Stefano Franscini, Swiss statistician and politician (b. 1796)
    • 1878 – Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev, Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1847)
    • 1896 – Abraham H. Cannon, American publisher and religious leader (b. 1859)
    • 1913 – Clímaco Calderón, Colombian lawyer and politician, 15th President of Colombia (b. 1852)
    • 1925 – John Indermaur, British lawyer (b. 1851)
    • 1930 – Robert Stout, Scottish-New Zealand politician, 13th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1844)
    • 1933 – Kaarle Krohn, Finnish historian and academic (b. 1863)
    • 1939 – Rose Hartwick Thorpe, American poet and author (b. 1850)
    • 1943 – Yekaterina Budanova, Russian captain and pilot (b. 1916)
    • 1947 – U Razak, Burmese educator and politician (b. 1898)
    • 1947 – Aung San, Burmese general and politician (b. 1915)
    • 1947 – Lyuh Woon-hyung, South Korean politician (b. 1886)
    • 1963 – William Andrew, English priest (b. 1884)
    • 1965 – Syngman Rhee, South Korean journalist and politician, 1st President of South Korea (b. 1875)
    • 1967 – Odell Shepard, American poet and politician, 66th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (b. 1884)
    • 1969 – Stratis Myrivilis, Greek soldier and author (b. 1890)
    • 1974 – Ernő Schwarz, Hungarian-American soccer player and coach (b. 1904)
    • 1975 – Lefty Frizzell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1928)
    • 1977 – Karl Ristikivi, Estonian geographer, author, and poet (b. 1912)
    • 1980 – Margaret Craven, American journalist and author (b. 1901)
    • 1980 – Nihat Erim, Turkish jurist and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1912)
    • 1980 – Hans Morgenthau, German-American political scientist, philosopher, and academic (b. 1904)
    • 1981 – Roger Doucet, Canadian tenor (b. 1919)
    • 1982 – Hugh Everett III, American physicist and mathematician (b. 1930)
    • 1984 – Faina Ranevskaya, Russian actress (b. 1896)
    • 1984 – Aziz Sami, Iraqi writer and translator (b. 1895)
    • 1985 – Janusz Zajdel, Polish author (b. 1938)
    • 1989 – Kazimierz Sabbat, Polish businessman and politician, President of the Republic of Poland (b. 1913)
    • 1990 – Eddie Quillan, American actor (b. 1907)
    • 1992 – Paolo Borsellino, Italian lawyer and judge (b. 1940)
    • 1994 – Victor Barbeau, Canadian author and academic (b. 1896)
    • 1998 – Elmer Valo, Polish-American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1921)
    • 2002 – Dave Carter, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1952)
    • 2002 – Alan Lomax, American historian, scholar, and activist (b. 1915)
    • 2003 – Bill Bright, American evangelist and author, founded the Campus Crusade for Christ (b. 1921)
    • 2003 – Pierre Graber, Swiss politician, President of the Swiss National Council (b. 1908)
    • 2004 – Sylvia Daoust, Canadian sculptor (b. 1902)
    • 2004 – J. Gordon Edwards, American entomologist, mountaineer, and DDT advocate (b. 1919)
    • 2004 – Francis A. Marzen, American priest, and journalist (b. 1924)
    • 2004 – Zenkō Suzuki, Japanese politician, 70th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1911)
    • 2005 – Edward Bunker, American author and screenwriter (b. 1933)
    • 2006 – Jack Warden, American actor (b. 1920)
    • 2007 – A. K. Faezul Huq, Bangladeshi journalist, lawyer, and politician (b. 1945)
    • 2007 – Roberto Fontanarrosa, Argentinian cartoonist (b. 1944)
    • 2008 – Dercy Gonçalves, Brazilian comedian and actress (b. 1907)
    • 2009 – Frank McCourt, American author and educator (b. 1930)
    • 2009 – Henry Surtees, English race car driver (b. 1991)
    • 2010 – Cécile Aubry, French actress, author, television screenwriter and director (b. 1928)
    • 2010 – Jon Cleary, Australian author and playwright (b. 1917)
    • 2012 – Humayun Ahmed, Bangladeshi director and playwright (b. 1948)
    • 2012 – Tom Davis, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1952)
    • 2012 – Mohammad Hassan Ganji, Iranian meteorologist and academic (b. 1912)
    • 2012 – Omar Suleiman, Egyptian general, and politician, 16th Vice President of Egypt (b. 1935)
    • 2012 – Sylvia Woods, American businesswoman, co-founded Sylvia’s Restaurant of Harlem (b. 1926)
    • 2012 – Valiulla Yakupov, Islamic cleric (b. 1963)
    • 2013 – Mikhail Gorsheniov, Russian singer-songwriter (b. 1973)
    • 2013 – Geeto Mongol, Canadian-American wrestler and trainer (b. 1931)
    • 2013 – Mel Smith, English actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1952)
    • 2013 – Bert Trautmann, German footballer and manager (b. 1923)
    • 2013 – Phil Woosnam, Welsh-American soccer player and manager (b. 1932)
    • 2013 – Peter Ziegler, Swiss geologist and academic (b. 1928)
    • 2013 – Leyla Erbil, Turkish author (b. 1931)
    • 2014 – Rubem Alves, Brazilian theologian (b. 1933)
    • 2014 – David Easton, Canadian-American political scientist and academic (b. 1917)
    • 2014 – Paul M. Fleiss, American pediatrician and author (b. 1933)
    • 2014 – James Garner, American actor (b. 1928)
    • 2014 – Jerzy Jurka, Polish biologist (b. 1950)
    • 2014 – Ray King, English footballer and manager (b. 1924)
    • 2014 – Ingemar Odlander, Swedish journalist (b. 1936)
    • 2014 – Harry Pougher, English cricketer (b. 1941)
    • 2014 – Leen Vleggeert, Dutch politician (b. 1931)
    • 2014 – John Winkin, American baseball player, coach, and journalist (b. 1919)
    • 2015 – Van Alexander, American composer and conductor (b. 1915)
    • 2015 – Galina Prozumenshchikova, Ukrainian-Russian swimmer and journalist (b. 1948)
    • 2015 – Carmino Ravosa, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b. 1930)
    • 2015 – Gennadiy Seleznyov, Russian journalist and politician, 2nd Speaker of the Duma (b. 1947)
    • 2016 – Garry Marshall, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1934)
    • 2018 – Jon Schnepp, American producer, director, voice actor, editor, writer, cartoonist, animator, and cinematographer (b. 1967)
    • 2018 – Denis Ten, Kazakhstani figure skater (b. 1993)
    • 2019 – Rutger Hauer, Dutch actor, director, and producer (b. 1944)

    Holidays and observances on July 19

    • Christian feast day:
      • Arsenius (Catholic Church)
      • Bernold, Bishop of Utrecht
      • Justa and Rufina
      • Kirdjun (or Abakerazum)
      • Macrina the Younger, Sister of St. Basil the Great
      • Symmachus
      • July 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Martyrs’ Day (Myanmar)
    • Sandinista Day or Liberation Day (Nicaragua)

  • July 8 – History, Events, Births, Deaths, Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch.
    • 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese fleet, defeats an Angevin fleet sent to put down a rebellion on Malta.
    • 1497 – Vasco da Gama sets sail on the first direct European voyage to India.
    • 1579 – Our Lady of Kazan, a holy icon of the Russian Orthodox Church, is discovered underground in the city of Kazan, Tatarstan.
    • 1663 – Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal charter to Rhode Island.
    • 1709 – Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, thus effectively ending Sweden’s status as a major power in Europe.
    • 1716 – The Battle of Dynekilen forces Sweden to abandon its invasion of Norway.
    • 1730 – An estimated magnitude 8.7 earthquake causes a tsunami that damages more than 1,000 km (620 mi) of Chile’s coastline.
    • 1758 – French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York.
    • 1760 – British forces defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France.
    • 1775 – The Olive Branch Petition is signed by the Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies of North America.
    • 1776 – Church bells (possibly including the Liberty Bell) are rung after John Nixon delivers the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence of the United States.
    • 1808 – Joseph Bonaparte approves the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter intended as the basis for his rule as king of Spain.
    • 1822 – Chippewas turn over a huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom.
    • 1853 – The Perry Expedition arrives in Edo Bay with a treaty requesting trade.
    • 1859 – King Charles XV & IV accedes to the throne of Sweden–Norway.
    • 1864 – Ikedaya Incident: The Choshu Han shishi’s planned Shinsengumi sabotage on Kyoto, Japan at Ikedaya.
    • 1874 – The Mounties begin their March West.
    • 1876 – The Hamburg massacre prior to the 1876 United States presidential election results in the deaths of six African-Americans of the Republican Party, along with one white assailant.
    • 1879 – Sailing ship USS Jeannette departs San Francisco carrying an ill-fated expedition to the North Pole.
    • 1889 – The first issue of The Wall Street Journal is published.
    • 1892 – St. John’s, Newfoundland is devastated in the Great Fire of 1892.
    • 1898 – The death of crime boss Soapy Smith, killed in the Shootout on Juneau Wharf, releases Skagway, Alaska from his iron grip.
    • 1912 – Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro leads an unsuccessful royalist attack against the First Portuguese Republic in Chaves.
    • 1932 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average reaches its lowest level of the Great Depression, closing at 41.22.
    • 1933 – The first rugby union test match between the Wallabies of Australia and the Springboks of South Africa is played at Newlands Stadium in Cape Town.
    • 1937 – Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan sign the Treaty of Saadabad.
    • 1947 – Reports are broadcast that a UFO crash landed in Roswell, New Mexico in what became known as the Roswell UFO incident.
    • 1948 – The United States Air Force accepts its first female recruits into a program called Women in the Air Force (WAF).
    • 1960 – Francis Gary Powers is charged with espionage resulting from his flight over the Soviet Union.
    • 1962 – Ne Win besieges and dynamites the Rangoon University Student Union building to crush the Student Movement.
    • 1966 – King Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi is deposed by his son Prince Charles Ndizi.
    • 1968 – The Chrysler wildcat strike begins in Detroit, Michigan.
    • 1970 – Richard Nixon delivers a special congressional message enunciating Native American self-determination as official US Indian policy, leading to the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975.
    • 1972 – Israeli Mossad assassinate Palestinian writer Ghassan Kanafani.
    • 1980 – The inaugural 1980 State of Origin game is won by Queensland who defeat New South Wales 20–10 at Lang Park.
    • 1982 – A failed assassination attempt against Iraqi president Saddam Hussein results in the Dujail Massacre over the next several months.
    • 1988 – The Island Express train travelling from Bangalore to Kanyakumari derails on the Peruman bridge and falls into Ashtamudi Lake, killing 105 passengers and injuring over 200 more.
    • 1994 – Kim Jong-il begins to assume supreme leadership of North Korea upon the death of his father, Kim Il-sung.
    • 2003 – Sudan Airways Flight 139 crashes near Port Sudan Airport during an emergency landing attempt, killing 116 of the 117 people on board.
    • 2011 – Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched in the final mission of the U.S. Space Shuttle program.
    • 2014 – Israel launches an offensive on Gaza amid rising tensions following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers.

    Births on July 8

    • 1478 – Gian Giorgio Trissino, Italian linguist, poet, and playwright (d. 1550)
    • 1528 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (d. 1580)
    • 1538 – Alberto Bolognetti, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)
    • 1545 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias (d. 1568)
    • 1593 – Artemisia Gentileschi, Italian painter (d. 1653)
    • 1621 – Jean de La Fontaine, French author and poet (d. 1695)
    • 1760 – Christian Kramp, French mathematician and academic (d. 1826)
    • 1766 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (d. 1842)
    • 1779 – Giorgio Pullicino, Maltese painter and architect (d. 1851)
    • 1819 – Francis Leopold McClintock, Irish admiral and explorer (d. 1907)
    • 1830 – Frederick W. Seward, American lawyer and politician, 6th United States Assistant Secretary of State (d. 1915)
    • 1831 – John Pemberton, American chemist and pharmacist, invented Coca-Cola (d. 1888)
    • 1836 – Joseph Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (d. 1914)
    • 1838 – Eli Lilly, American soldier, chemist, and businessman, founded Eli Lilly and Company (d. 1898)
    • 1838 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and businessman, founded the Zeppelin Airship Company (d. 1917)
    • 1839 – John D. Rockefeller, American businessman and philanthropist, founded the Standard Oil Company (d. 1937)
    • 1851 – Arthur Evans, English archaeologist and academic (d. 1941)
    • 1851 – John Murray, Australian politician, 23rd Premier of Victoria (d. 1916)
    • 1857 – Alfred Binet, French psychologist and graphologist (d. 1911)
    • 1867 – Käthe Kollwitz, German painter and sculptor (d. 1945)
    • 1876 – Alexandros Papanastasiou, Greek sociologist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1936)
    • 1882 – Percy Grainger, Australian-American pianist and composer (d. 1961)
    • 1885 – Ernst Bloch, German philosopher, author, and academic (d. 1977)
    • 1885 – Hugo Boss, German fashion designer, founded Hugo Boss (d. 1948)
    • 1890 – Stanton Macdonald-Wright, American painter (d. 1973)
    • 1892 – Richard Aldington, English author and poet (d. 1962)
    • 1892 – Pavel Korin, Russian painter (d. 1967)
    • 1893 – R. Carlyle Buley, American historian and author (d. 1968)
    • 1894 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)
    • 1895 – Igor Tamm, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
    • 1898 – Melville Ruick, American actor (d. 1972)
    • 1900 – George Antheil, American pianist, composer, and author (d. 1959)
    • 1904 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician and academic (d. 2008)
    • 1905 – Leonid Amalrik, Russian animator and director (d. 1997)
    • 1906 – Philip Johnson, American architect, designed the IDS Center and PPG Place (d. 2005)
    • 1907 – George W. Romney, American businessman and politician, 43rd Governor of Michigan (d. 1995)
    • 1908 – Louis Jordan, American singer-songwriter, saxophonist, and actor (d. 1975)
    • 1908 – Nelson Rockefeller, American businessman and politician, 41st Vice President of the United States (d. 1979)
    • 1908 – V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao, Indian economist, politician, professor and educator (d. 1991)
    • 1909 – Alan Brown, English soldier (d. 1971)
    • 1909 – Ike Petersen, American football back (d. 1995)
    • 1910 – Carlos Betances Ramírez, Puerto Rican general (d. 2001)
    • 1911 – Ken Farnes, English cricketer (d. 1941)
    • 1913 – Alejandra Soler, Spanish politician (d. 2017)
    • 1914 – Jyoti Basu, Indian politician, 6th Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 2010)
    • 1914 – Billy Eckstine, American singer and trumpet player (d. 1993)
    • 1915 – Neil D. Van Sickle, American Air Force major general (d. 2019)
    • 1915 – Lowell English, United States Marine Corps general (d. 2005)
    • 1916 – Jean Rouverol, American author, actress and screenwriter (d. 2017)
    • 1917 – Pamela Brown, English actress (d. 1975)
    • 1917 – Faye Emerson, American actress (d. 1983)
    • 1917 – J. F. Powers, American novelist and short story writer (d. 1999)
    • 1918 – Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009)
    • 1918 – Irwin Hasen, American illustrator (d. 2015)
    • 1918 – Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance member and pilot (d. 2002)
    • 1918 – Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5 (d. 2008)
    • 1918 – Edward B. Giller, U.S Major General (d. 2017)
    • 1918 – Craig Stevens, American actor (d. 2000)
    • 1919 – Walter Scheel, German soldier and politician, 4th President of West Germany (d. 2016)
    • 1920 – Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, Danish businessman (d. 1995)
    • 1921 – John Money, New Zealand psychologist and sexologist, responsible for controversial sexual identity study on David Reimer (d. 2006)
    • 1923 – Harrison Dillard, American sprinter and hurdler (d. 2019)
    • 1924 – Johnnie Johnson, American pianist and songwriter (d. 2005)
    • 1924 – Charles C. Droz, American politician
    • 1925 – Marco Cé, Italian cardinal (d. 2014)
    • 1925 – Arthur Imperatore Sr., Italian-American businessman from New Jersey
    • 1925 – Bill Mackrides, American football quarterback (d. 2019)
    • 1925 – Dominique Nohain, French actor, screenwriter and director (d. 2017)
    • 1926 – David Malet Armstrong, Australian philosopher and author (d. 2014)
    • 1926 – John Dingell, American lieutenant and politician (d. 2019)
    • 1926 – Martin Riesen, Swiss professional ice hockey goaltender
    • 1926 – Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-American psychiatrist and author (d. 2004)
    • 1927 – Maurice Hayes, Irish educator and politician (d. 2017)
    • 1927 – Khensur Lungri Namgyel, Tibetan religious leader
    • 1927 – Bob Beckham, American country singer (d. 2013)
    • 1928 – Balakh Sher Mazari, former Prime Minister of Pakistan
    • 1930 – Jerry Vale, American singer (d. 2014)
    • 1933 – Antonio Lamer, Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th Chief Justice of Canada (d. 2007)
    • 1934 – Raquel Correa, Chilean journalist (d. 2012)
    • 1934 – Marty Feldman, English actor and screenwriter (d. 1982)
    • 1934 – Edward D. DiPrete, American politician
    • 1935 – John David Crow, American football player and coach (d. 2015)
    • 1935 – Steve Lawrence, American actor and singer
    • 1935 – Vitaly Sevastyanov, Russian engineer and astronaut (d. 2010)
    • 1938 – Diane Clare, English actress (d. 2013)
    • 1939 – Ed Lumley, Canadian businessman and politician, 8th Canadian Minister of Communications
    • 1940 – Joe B. Mauldin, American bass player and songwriter (d. 2015)
    • 1941 – Dario Gradi, Italian-English footballer, coach, and manager
    • 1942 – Phil Gramm, American economist and politician
    • 1944 – Jaimoe, American drummer
    • 1944 – Jeffrey Tambor, American actor and singer
    • 1945 – Micheline Calmy-Rey, Swiss politician, 91st President of the Swiss Confederation
    • 1947 – Kim Darby, American actress
    • 1947 – Jenny Diski, English author and screenwriter (d. 2016)
    • 1947 – Luis Fernando Figari, Peruvian religious leader, founded the Sodalitium Christianae Vitae
    • 1948 – Raffi, Egyptian-Canadian singer-songwriter
    • 1948 – Ruby Sales, American civil-rights activist
    • 1949 – Wolfgang Puck, Austrian-American chef, restaurateur and entrepreneur
    • 1949 – Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, Indian politician, 14th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (d. 2009)
    • 1951 – Alan Ashby, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster
    • 1951 – Anjelica Huston, American actress and director
    • 1952 – Larry Garner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1952 – Jack Lambert, American football player and sportscaster
    • 1952 – Marianne Williamson, American author and activist
    • 1956 – Terry Puhl, Canadian baseball player and coach
    • 1957 – Carlos Cavazo, Mexican-American guitarist and songwriter
    • 1957 – Aleksandr Gurnov, Russian journalist and author
    • 1958 – Kevin Bacon, American actor and musician
    • 1958 – Andreas Carlgren, Swedish educator and politician, 8th Swedish Minister for the Environment
    • 1958 – Tzipi Livni, Israeli lawyer and politician, 18th Justice Minister of Israel
    • 1959 – Pauline Quirke, English actress
    • 1960 – Mal Meninga, Australian rugby league player and coach
    • 1961 – Ces Drilon, Filipino journalist
    • 1961 – Andrew Fletcher, English keyboard player
    • 1961 – Toby Keith, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor
    • 1961 – Karl Seglem, Norwegian saxophonist and record producer
    • 1962 – Joan Osborne, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1963 – Mark Christopher, American director and screenwriter
    • 1964 – Alexei Gusarov, Russian ice hockey player and manager
    • 1965 – Dan Levinson, American clarinet player, saxophonist, and bandleader
    • 1966 – Ralf Altmeyer, German-Chinese virologist and academic
    • 1966 – Shadlog Bernicke, Nauruan politician
    • 1967 – Jordan Chan, Hong Kong actor and singer
    • 1968 – Billy Crudup, American actor
    • 1968 – Shane Howarth, New Zealand rugby player and coach
    • 1969 – Sugizo, Japanese singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
    • 1970 – Beck, American singer-songwriter and producer
    • 1970 – Sylvain Gaudreault, Canadian educator and politician
    • 1970 – Todd Martin, American tennis player and coach
    • 1971 – Neil Jenkins, Welsh rugby player and coach
    • 1972 – Karl Dykhuis, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1972 – Sourav Ganguly, Indian cricketer
    • 1972 – Shōsuke Tanihara, Japanese actor
    • 1974 – Hu Liang, Chinese field hockey player
    • 1976 – Talal El Karkouri, Moroccan footballer
    • 1976 – David Kennedy, American guitarist and songwriter
    • 1976 – Ellen MacArthur, English sailor
    • 1977 – Christian Abbiati, Italian footballer
    • 1977 – Paolo Tiralongo, Italian cyclist
    • 1977 – Milo Ventimiglia, American actor, director, and producer
    • 1977 – Wang Zhizhi, Chinese basketball player
    • 1978 – Urmas Rooba, Estonian footballer
    • 1979 – Mat McBriar, American football player
    • 1979 – Ben Jelen, Scottish-American singer-songwriter
    • 1980 – Eric Chouinard, American-Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1980 – Robbie Keane, Irish footballer
    • 1981 – Wolfram Müller, German runner
    • 1981 – Anastasia Myskina, Russian tennis player
    • 1982 – Sophia Bush, American actress and director
    • 1982 – Hakim Warrick, American basketball player
    • 1983 – John Bowker, American baseball player
    • 1983 – Rich Peverley, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1986 – Jaime Garcia, Mexican baseball player
    • 1986 – Renata Costa, Brazilian footballer
    • 1988 – Miki Roqué, Spanish footballer (d. 2012)
    • 1988 – Jesse Sergent, New Zealand cyclist
    • 1988 – Dave Taylor, Australian rugby league player
    • 1989 – Yarden Gerbi, Israeli Judo champion
    • 1989 – Tor Marius Gromstad, Norwegian footballer (d. 2012)
    • 1991 – Virgil van Dijk, Dutch footballer
    • 1992 – Ariel Camacho, Mexican singer-songwriter (d. 2015)
    • 1992 – Son Heung-min, Korean footballer
    • 1992 – Xander Mobus, American voice actor
    • 1997 – Bryce Love, American football player
    • 1997 – Lauran Hibberd, English singer-songwriter
    • 1998 – Jaden Smith, American actor and rapper

    Deaths on July 8

    • 689 – Kilian, Irish bishop
    • 810 – Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne (b. 773)
    • 873 – Gunther, archbishop of Cologne
    • 900 – Qatr al-Nada, wife of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu’tadid
    • 901 – Grimbald, French-English monk and saint (b. 827)
    • 975 – Edgar the Peaceful, English king (b. 943)
    • 1153 – Pope Eugene III (b. 1087)
    • 1253 – Theobald I of Navarre (b. 1201)
    • 1261 – Adolf IV of Holstein, Count of Schauenburg
    • 1390 – Albert of Saxony, Bishop of Halberstadt and German philosopher (b. circa 1320)
    • 1538 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish general and explorer (b. 1475)
    • 1623 – Pope Gregory XV (b. 1554)
    • 1689 – Edward Wooster, English-American settler (b. 1622)
    • 1695 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (b. 1629)
    • 1716 – Robert South, English preacher and theologian (b. 1634)
    • 1721 – Elihu Yale, American-English merchant and philanthropist (b. 1649)
    • 1784 – Torbern Bergman, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (b. 1735)
    • 1794 – Richard Mique, French architect (b. 1728)
    • 1820 – Octavia Taylor, daughter of Zachary Taylor (b. 1816)
    • 1822 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet and playwright (b. 1792)
    • 1850 – Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1774)
    • 1859 – Oscar I of Sweden (b. 1799)
    • 1873 – Franz Xaver Winterhalter, German painter and lithographer (b. 1805)
    • 1887 – Ben Holladay, American businessman (b. 1819)
    • 1895 – Johann Josef Loschmidt, Austrian chemist and physicist (b. 1821)
    • 1905 – Walter Kittredge, American violinist and composer (b. 1834)
    • 1913 – Louis Hémon, French-Canadian author (b. 1880)
    • 1917 – Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (b. 1877)
    • 1930 – Joseph Ward, Australian-New Zealand businessman and politician, 17th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1856)
    • 1933 – Anthony Hope, English author and playwright (b. 1863)
    • 1934 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer and academic (b. 1848)
    • 1939 – Havelock Ellis, English psychologist and author (b. 1859)
    • 1941 – Moses Schorr, Polish rabbi, historian, and politician (b. 1874)
    • 1942 – Louis Franchet d’Espèrey, Algerian-French general (b. 1856)
    • 1942 – Refik Saydam, Turkish physician and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1881)
    • 1943 – Jean Moulin, French soldier (b. 1899)
    • 1950 – Othmar Spann, Austrian sociologist, economist, and philosopher (b. 1878)
    • 1952 – August Alle, Estonian lawyer, author, and poet (b. 1890)
    • 1956 – Giovanni Papini, Italian journalist, author, and critic (b. 1881)
    • 1965 – Thomas Sigismund Stribling, American lawyer and author (b. 1881)
    • 1968 – Désiré Mérchez, French swimmer and water polo player (b. 1882)
    • 1971 – Kurt Reidemeister, German mathematician connected to the Vienna Circle (b. 1893)
    • 1972 – Ghassan Kanafani, Palestinian writer and politician (b. 1936)
    • 1973 – Gene L. Coon, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1924)
    • 1973 – Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-Israeli educator and politician, 4th Education Minister of Israel (b. 1884)
    • 1973 – Wilfred Rhodes, English cricketer and coach (b. 1877)
    • 1979 – Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
    • 1979 – Michael Wilding, English actor (b. 1912)
    • 1979 – Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917)
    • 1981 – Bill Hallahan, American baseball player (b. 1902)
    • 1985 – Phil Foster, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1913)
    • 1985 – Jean-Paul Le Chanois, French actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1909)
    • 1986 – Skeeter Webb, American baseball player and manager (b. 1909)
    • 1987 – Lionel Chevrier, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Canadian Minister of Justice (b. 1903)
    • 1987 – Gerardo Diego, Spanish poet and author (b. 1896)
    • 1988 – Ray Barbuti, American runner and football player (b. 1905)
    • 1990 – Howard Duff, American actor (b. 1913)
    • 1991 – James Franciscus, American actor (b. 1934)
    • 1994 – Christian-Jaque, French director and screenwriter (b. 1904)
    • 1994 – Kim Il-sung, North Korean commander and politician, President of North Korea (b. 1912)
    • 1994 – Lars-Eric Lindblad, Swedish-American businessman and explorer (b. 1927)
    • 1994 – Dick Sargent, American actor (b. 1930)
    • 1996 – Irene Prador, Austrian-born actress and writer (b. 1911)
    • 1998 – Lilí Álvarez, Spanish tennis player, author, and feminist (b. 1905)
    • 1999 – Pete Conrad, American captain, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1930)
    • 2001 – John O’Shea, New Zealand director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1920)
    • 2002 – Ward Kimball, American animator and trombonist (b. 1914)
    • 2004 – Paula Danziger, American author and educator (b. 1944)
    • 2005 – Maurice Baquet, French actor and cellist (b. 1911)
    • 2006 – June Allyson, American actress and singer (b. 1917)
    • 2007 – Chandra Shekhar, Indian lawyer and politician, 9th Prime Minister of India (b. 1927)
    • 2007 – Jack B. Sowards, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1929)
    • 2008 – John Templeton, American-born British businessman and philanthropist (b. 1912)
    • 2009 – Midnight, American singer-songwriter (b. 1962)
    • 2011 – Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet (b. 1924)
    • 2011 – Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (b. 1918)
    • 2012 – Muhammed bin Saud Al Saud, Saudi Arabian politician (b. 1934)
    • 2012 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (b. 1917)
    • 2012 – Gyang Dalyop Datong, Nigerian physician and politician (b. 1959)
    • 2012 – Martin Pakledinaz, American costume designer (b. 1953)
    • 2013 – Dick Gray, American baseball player (b. 1931)
    • 2013 – Edmund Morgan, American historian and author (b. 1916)
    • 2013 – Claudiney Ramos, Brazilian footballer (b. 1980)
    • 2013 – Rubby Sherr, American physicist and academic (b. 1913)
    • 2013 – Sundri Uttamchandani, Indian author (b. 1924)
    • 2013 – Brett Walker, American songwriter and producer (b. 1961)
    • 2014 – Plínio de Arruda Sampaio, Brazilian lawyer and politician (b. 1930)
    • 2014 – John V. Evans, American soldier and politician, 27th Governor of Idaho (b. 1925)
    • 2014 – Ben Pangelinan, Guamanian businessman and politician (b. 1956)
    • 2014 – Howard Siler, American bobsledder and coach (b. 1945)
    • 2014 – Tom Veryzer, American baseball player (b. 1953)
    • 2015 – Ken Stabler, American football player and sportscaster (b. 1945)
    • 2015 – James Tate, American poet (b. 1943)
    • 2016 – Abdul Sattar Edhi, Pakistani philanthropist (b. 1928)
    • 2018 – Tab Hunter, American actor, pop singer, film producer and author (b. 1931)

    Holidays and observances on July 8

    • Christian Feast Day:
      • Abda and Sabas
      • Auspicius of Trier
      • Grimbald
      • Kilian, Totnan, and Colman
      • Peter and Fevronia Day (Russian Orthodox)
      • Procopius of Scythopolis
      • Sunniva and companions
      • Theobald of Marly
      • July 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Air Force and Air Defense Forces Day (Ukraine)

  • July 5- History, Events, Births, Deaths, Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • 328 – The official opening of Constantine’s Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.
    • 1316 – The Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea meet in the Battle of Manolada.
    • 1594 – Portuguese forces under the command of Pedro Lopes de Sousa begin an unsuccessful invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy during the Campaign of Danture in Sri Lanka.
    • 1610 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
    • 1687 – Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
    • 1770 – The Battle of Chesma between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire begins.
    • 1775 – The Second Continental Congress adopts the Olive Branch Petition.
    • 1803 – The Convention of Artlenburg is signed, leading to the French occupation of the Electorate of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
    • 1807 – In Buenos Aires the local militias repel the British soldiers within the Second English Invasion.
    • 1809 – The largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars, the Battle of Wagram is fought between the French and Austrian Empires.
    • 1811 – The Venezuelan Declaration of Independence is adopted by a congress of the provinces.
    • 1813 – War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York commence.
    • 1814 – War of 1812: Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario.
    • 1833 – Lê Văn Khôi along with 27 soldiers stage a mutiny taking over the Phiên An citadel, developing into the Lê Văn Khôi revolt against Emperor Minh Mạng.
    • 1833 – Admiral Charles Napier vanquishes the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St. Vincent.
    • 1841 – Thomas Cook organises the first package excursion, from Leicester to Loughborough.
    • 1884 – Germany takes possession of Cameroon.
    • 1915 – The Liberty Bell leaves Philadelphia by special train on its way to the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. This is the last trip outside Philadelphia that the custodians of the bell intend to permit.
    • 1934 – “Bloody Thursday”: Police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco.
    • 1935 – The National Labor Relations Act, which governs labor relations in the United States, is signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
    • 1937 – Spam, the luncheon meat, is introduced into the market by the Hormel Foods Corporation.
    • 1940 – World War II: Foreign relations of Vichy France are severed with the United Kingdom.
    • 1941 – World War II: Operation Barbarossa: German troops reach the Dnieper river.
    • 1943 – World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails for Sicily (Operation Husky, July 10, 1943).
    • 1943 – World War II: German forces begin a massive offensive against the Soviet Union at the Battle of Kursk, also known as Operation Citadel.
    • 1946 – Micheline Bernardini models the first modern bikini at a swimming pool in Paris.
    • 1948 – National Health Service Acts create the national public health system in the United Kingdom.
    • 1950 – Korean War: Task Force Smith: American and North Korean forces first clash, in the Battle of Osan.
    • 1950 – Zionism: The Knesset passes the Law of Return which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel.
    • 1954 – The BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin.
    • 1954 – Elvis Presley records his first single, “That’s All Right”, at Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee.
    • 1962 – The official independence of Algeria is proclaimed after an 8-year-long war with France.
    • 1971 – The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.
    • 1973 – A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) in Kingman, Arizona, following a fire that broke out as propane was being transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, kills eleven firefighters.
    • 1975 – Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win the Wimbledon singles title.
    • 1975 – Cape Verde gains its independence from Portugal.
    • 1977 – Military coup in Pakistan: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, is overthrown.
    • 1980 – Swedish tennis player Björn Borg wins his fifth Wimbledon final and becomes the first male tennis player to win the championships five times in a row (1976–1980).
    • 1987 – Sri Lankan Civil War: The LTTE uses suicide attacks on the Sri Lankan Army for the first time. The Black Tigers are born and, in the following years, will continue to kill with the tactic.
    • 1989 – Iran–Contra affair: Oliver North is sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service. His convictions are later overturned.
    • 1995 – Armenia adopts its constitution, four years after its independence from the Soviet Union.
    • 1996 – Dolly the sheep becomes the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.
    • 1997 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Tamil MP A. Thangathurai is shot dead at Sri Shanmuga Hindu Ladies College in Trincomalee.
    • 1999 – U.S. President Bill Clinton imposes trade and economic sanctions against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
    • 2004 – The first direct Indonesian presidential election is held.
    • 2006 – North Korea tests four short-range missiles, one medium-range missile and a long-range Taepodong-2. The long-range Taepodong-2 reportedly fails in mid-air over the Sea of Japan.
    • 2009 – A series of violent riots break out in Ürümqi, the capital city of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China.
    • 2009 – The largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold ever discovered in England, consisting of more than 1,500 items, is found near the village of Hammerwich, near Lichfield, Staffordshire.
    • 2012 – The Shard in London is inaugurated as the tallest building in Europe, with a height of 310 metres (1,020 ft).
    • 2016 – The Juno space probe arrives at Jupiter and begins a 20-month survey of the planet.

    Births on July 5

    • 465 – Ahkal Mo’ Naab’ I, Mayan ruler (d. 524)
    • 980 – Mokjong of Goryeo, Korean king (d. 1009)
    • 1029 – Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (d. 1094)
    • 1057 – Al-Ghazali, Iranian jurist, philosopher, and mystic (d. 1111)
    • 1321 – Joan of the Tower, English consort of David II of Scotland (d. 1362)
    • 1466 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian nobleman (d. 1510)
    • 1547 – Garzia de’ Medici, Tuscan son of Cosimo I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1562)
    • 1549 – Francesco Maria del Monte, Italian cardinal and art collector (d. 1627)
    • 1554 – Elisabeth of Austria, French queen (d. 1592)
    • 1580 – Carlo Contarini, doge of Venice (d. 1656)
    • 1586 – Thomas Hooker, English-born founder of the Colony of Connecticut (d. 1647)
    • 1593 – Achille d’Étampes de Valençay, French military leader (d. 1646)
    • 1653 – Thomas Pitt, English businessman and politician (d. 1726)
    • 1670 – Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, countess palatine (d. 1748)
    • 1675 – Mary Walcott, American accuser and witness at the Salem witch trials (d. 1719)
    • 1709 – Étienne de Silhouette, French translator and politician, Controller-General of Finances (d. 1767)
    • 1717 – Peter III, Portuguese king (d. 1786)
    • 1718 – Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1794)
    • 1745 – Carl Arnold Kortum, German physician and poet (d. 1824)
    • 1755 – Sarah Siddons, English actress (d. 1831)
    • 1780 – François Carlo Antommarchi, French physician (d. 1838)
    • 1793 – Pavel Pestel, Russian officer (d. 1826)
    • 1794 – Sylvester Graham, American minister and activist (d. 1851)
    • 1801 – David Farragut, American admiral (d. 1870)
    • 1802 – Pavel Nakhimov, Russian admiral (d. 1855)
    • 1803 – George Borrow, British writer (d. 1881)
    • 1805 – Robert FitzRoy, English captain, meteorologist, and politician, 2nd Governor of New Zealand (d. 1865)
    • 1810 – P. T. Barnum, American businessman, co-founded Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus (d. 1891)
    • 1820 – William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish physicist, mathematician, and engineer (d. 1872)
    • 1829 – Ignacio Mariscal, Mexican politician and diplomat, Secretary of Foreign Affairs for Mexico (d. 1910)
    • 1832 – Pavel Chistyakov, Russian painter and educator (d. 1919)
    • 1841 – William Collins Whitney, American financier and politician, 31st United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1904)
    • 1849 – William Thomas Stead, English journalist (d. 1912)
    • 1853 – Cecil Rhodes, English-South African businessman and politician, 6th Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (d. 1902)
    • 1857 – Clara Zetkin, German theorist and activist (d. 1933)
    • 1857 – Julien Tiersot, French musicologist and composer (d. 1936)
    • 1860 – Robert Bacon, American colonel and politician, 39th United States Secretary of State (d. 1919)
    • 1860 – Mathieu Jaboulay, French surgeon (d. 1913)
    • 1862 – George Nuttall, American-British bacteriologist (d. 1937)
    • 1862 – Horatio Caro, English chess master (d. 1920)
    • 1864 – Stephan Krehl, German composer (d. 1924)
    • 1867 – A. E. Douglass, American astronomer (d. 1962)
    • 1872 – Édouard Herriot, French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 1957)
    • 1874 – Eugen Fischer, German physician and academic (d. 1967)
    • 1879 – Dwight F. Davis, American tennis player and politician, 49th United States Secretary of War (d. 1945)
    • 1879 – Wanda Landowska, Polish-French harpsichord player and educator (d. 1959)
    • 1880 – Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist and composer (d. 1940)
    • 1880 – Constantin Tănase, Romanian actor and playwright (d. 1945)
    • 1882 – Inayat Khan, Indian mystic and educator (d. 1927)
    • 1883 – Gustave Lanctot, Canadian historian, author, and academic (d. 1975)
    • 1884 – Enrico Dante, Italian cardinal (d. 1967)
    • 1885 – Blas Infante, Spanish historian and politician (d. 1936)
    • 1885 – André Lhote, French sculptor and painter (d. 1962)
    • 1886 – Willem Drees, Dutch politician and historian, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1948–1958) (d. 1988)
    • 1886 – Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia (d. 1918)
    • 1888 – Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)
    • 1888 – Louise Freeland Jenkins, American astronomer and academic (d. 1970)
    • 1889 – Jean Cocteau, French novelist, poet, and playwright (d. 1963)
    • 1890 – Frederick Lewis Allen, American historian and journalist (d. 1954)
    • 1891 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
    • 1891 – Tin Ujević, Croatian poet and translator (d. 1955)
    • 1893 – Anthony Berkeley Cox, English writer (d. 1971)
    • 1893 – Giuseppe Caselli, Italian painter (d. 1976)
    • 1894 – Ants Lauter, Estonian actor and director (d. 1973)
    • 1896 – Thomas Playford IV, Australian politician, 33rd Premier of South Australia (d. 1981)
    • 1898 – Georgios Grivas, Greek general (d. 1974)
    • 1899 – Marcel Achard, French playwright, screenwriter, and author (d. 1974)
    • 1900 – Yoshimaro Yamashina, Japanese ornithologist, founded the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology (d. 1989)
    • 1900 – Bernardus Johannes Alfrink, Dutch cardinal (d. 1987)
    • 1901 – Julio Libonatti, Italian-Argentinian footballer (d. 1981)
    • 1902 – Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., American colonel and politician, 3rd United States Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 1985)
    • 1904 – Harold Acton, English scholar and author (d. 1994)
    • 1904 – Ernst Mayr, German-American biologist and ornithologist (d. 2005)
    • 1904 – Milburn Stone, American actor (d. 1980)
    • 1905 – Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau, Haitian sociologist and educator (d. 1970)
    • 1908 – Henri of Orléans, (d. 1999)
    • 1908 – Lyman S. Ayres II, American businessman (d. 1996)
    • 1910 – Georges Vedel, French lawyer and academic (d. 2002)
    • 1911 – Endel Aruja, Estonian-Canadian physicist and academic (d. 2008)
    • 1911 – Haydn Bunton, Sr., Australian footballer and coach (d. 1955)
    • 1911 – Giorgio Borġ Olivier, Maltese lawyer and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 1980)
    • 1911 – Georges Pompidou, French banker and politician, 19th President of France (d. 1974)
    • 1913 – George Costakis, Russian art collector (d. 1990)
    • 1913 – Smiley Lewis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1966)
    • 1914 – John Thomas Dunlop, American administrator and labor scholar (d. 2003)
    • 1914 – Annie Fischer, Hungarian pianist and composer (d. 1995)
    • 1915 – Babe Paley, American socialite (d. 1978)
    • 1915 – John Woodruff, American runner and commander (d. 2007)
    • 1915 – Al Timothy, Trinidadian musician and songwriter (d. 2000)
    • 1916 – Lívia Rév, Hungarian classical pianist (d. 2018)
    • 1916 – Ivor Powell, Welsh footballer (d. 2012)
    • 1918 – K. Karunakaran, Indian lawyer and politician, 7th Chief Minister of Kerala (d. 2010)
    • 1918 – Brian James, Australian actor (d. 2009)
    • 1918 – Zakaria Mohieddin, Egyptian general and politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2012)
    • 1918 – George Rochberg, American composer and educator (d. 2005)
    • 1921 – Viktor Kulikov, Russian marshal (d. 2013)
    • 1921 – Nanos Valaoritis, Greek author, poet, and playwright (d. 2019)
    • 1923 – George Moore, Australian jockey (d. 2008)
    • 1923 – Mitsuye Yamada, Japanese American activist
    • 1924 – János Starker, Hungarian-American cellist and educator (d. 2013)
    • 1924 – Edward Cassidy, Australian Roman Catholic cardinal priest
    • 1925 – Fernando de Szyszlo, Peruvian painter and sculptor (d. 2017)
    • 1925 – Jean Raspail, French author and explorer (d. 2020)
    • 1926 – Diana Lynn, American actress (d. 1971)
    • 1928 – Pierre Mauroy, French educator and politician, Prime Minister of France (d. 2013)
    • 1928 – Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)
    • 1929 – Jimmy Carruthers, Australian boxer (d. 1990)
    • 1929 – Katherine Helmond, American actress and director (d. 2019)
    • 1929 – Tony Lock, English cricketer (d. 1995)
    • 1929 – Jovan Rašković, Serbian psychiatrist, academic, and politician (d. 1992)
    • 1929 – Jiří Reynek, Czech poet and graphic artist (d. 2014)
    • 1929 – Chikao Ohtsuka, Japanese voice actor (d. 2015)
    • 1931 – Ismail Mahomed, South African lawyer and politician, 17th Chief Justice of South Africa (d. 2000)
    • 1932 – Gyula Horn, Hungarian politician, 37th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2013)
    • 1933 – Paul-Gilbert Langevin, French musicologist, critic and physicist (d. 1986)
    • 1936 – Shirley Knight, American actress (d. 2020)
    • 1936 – James Mirrlees, Scottish economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018)
    • 1938 – Ronnie Self, American singer-songwriter (d. 1981)
    • 1940 – Chuck Close, American painter and photographer
    • 1941 – Terry Cashman, American singer-songwriter and record producer
    • 1941 – Epeli Nailatikau, Fijian chief, President of Fiji
    • 1942 – Matthias Bamert, Swiss composer and conductor
    • 1942 – Hannes Löhr, German footballer, coach, and manager (d. 2016)
    • 1943 – Curt Blefary, American baseball player and coach (d. 2001)
    • 1943 – Mark Cox, English tennis player, coach and sportscaster
    • 1943 – Robbie Robertson, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and actor
    • 1943 – Pierre Villepreux, French rugby player and coach
    • 1944 – Leni Björklund, Swedish politician, 28th Swedish Minister of Defence for Sweden
    • 1945 – Michael Blake, American author and screenwriter (d. 2015)
    • 1945 – Humberto Benítez Treviño, Mexican lawyer and politician, Attorney General of Mexico
    • 1946 – Pierre-Marc Johnson, Canadian lawyer, physician, and politician, 24th Premier of Quebec
    • 1946 – Paul Smith, English fashion designer
    • 1946 – Gerard ‘t Hooft, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
    • 1946 – Vladimir Mikhailovich Zakharov, Russian dancer and choreographer (d. 2013)
    • 1947 – Todd Akin, American politician
    • 1949 – Ludwig G. Strauss, German physician and academic (d. 2013)
    • 1950 – Carlos Caszely, Chilean footballer
    • 1950 – Huey Lewis, American singer-songwriter and actor
    • 1950 – Michael Monarch, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer
    • 1951 – Goose Gossage, American baseball player
    • 1951 – Roger Wicker, American colonel, lawyer, and politician
    • 1953 – Caryn Navy, American mathematician and computer scientist
    • 1954 – Jimmy Crespo, American guitarist and songwriter
    • 1954 – John Wright, New Zealand cricketer and coach
    • 1955 – Tony Hadley, English footballer
    • 1955 – Peter McNamara, Australian tennis player and coach (d. 2019)
    • 1956 – Horacio Cartes, Paraguayan businessman and politician, President of Paraguay
    • 1956 – James Lofton, American football player and coach
    • 1957 – Carlo Thränhardt, German high jumper
    • 1957 – Doug Wilson, Canadian-American ice hockey player and manager
    • 1958 – Veronica Guerin, Irish journalist (d. 1996)
    • 1958 – Bill Watterson, American author and illustrator
    • 1959 – Marc Cohn, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player
    • 1960 – Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor and director
    • 1962 – Sarina Hülsenbeck, German swimmer
    • 1963 – Edie Falco, American actress
    • 1964 – Ronald D. Moore, American screenwriter and producer
    • 1965 – Kathryn Erbe, American actress
    • 1965 – Eyran Katsenelenbogen, Israeli-American pianist and educator
    • 1966 – Susannah Doyle, English actress, director, and playwright
    • 1966 – Gianfranco Zola, Italian footballer and coach
    • 1968 – Ken Akamatsu, Japanese illustrator
    • 1968 – Kenji Ito, Japanese pianist and composer
    • 1968 – Nardwuar the Human Serviette, Canadian singer-songwriter and keyboard player
    • 1968 – Hedi Slimane, French fashion designer and photographer
    • 1968 – Alex Zülle, Swiss cyclist
    • 1968 – Susan Wojcicki, Polish-American technology executive, CEO of YouTube
    • 1969 – Jenji Kohan, American screenwriter and producer
    • 1969 – Armin Kõomägi, Estonian author and screenwriter
    • 1969 – John LeClair, American ice hockey player
    • 1969 – RZA, American rapper, producer, actor, and director
    • 1970 – Mac Dre, American rapper and producer, founded Thizz Entertainment (d. 2004)
    • 1970 – Valentí Massana, Spanish race walker
    • 1971 – Derek McInnes, Scottish footballer and manager
    • 1972 – Matthew Birir, Kenyan runner
    • 1972 – Robert Esmie, Canadian sprinter
    • 1972 – Gary Shteyngart, American writer
    • 1973 – Marcus Allbäck, Swedish footballer and coach
    • 1973 – Bengt Lagerberg, Swedish drummer
    • 1973 – Róisín Murphy, Irish singer-songwriter and producer
    • 1974 – Márcio Amoroso, Brazilian footballer
    • 1975 – Hernán Crespo, Argentinian footballer and coach
    • 1975 – Ai Sugiyama, Japanese tennis player
    • 1976 – Bizarre, American rapper
    • 1976 – Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer
    • 1977 – Nicolas Kiefer, German tennis player
    • 1977 – Steven Sharp Nelson, American cellist
    • 1978 – Britta Oppelt, German rower
    • 1978 – Allan Simonsen, Danish race car driver (d. 2013)
    • 1978 – İsmail YK, German-Turkish singer-songwriter
    • 1979 – Shane Filan, Irish singer-songwriter
    • 1979 – Amélie Mauresmo, French-Swiss tennis player
    • 1979 – Stiliyan Petrov, Bulgarian footballer and manager
    • 1980 – David Rozehnal, Czech footballer
    • 1980 – Mads Tolling, Danish-American violinist and composer
    • 1980 – Jason Wade, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1982 – Fabrício de Souza, Brazilian footballer
    • 1982 – Alexander Dimitrenko, Ukrainian-German boxer
    • 1982 – Alberto Gilardino, Italian footballer
    • 1982 – Philippe Gilbert, Belgian cyclist
    • 1982 – Kate Gynther, Australian water polo player
    • 1982 – Dave Haywood, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1982 – Paíto, Mozambican footballer
    • 1982 – Javier Paredes, Spanish footballer
    • 1982 – Szabolcs Perenyi, Romanian-Hungarian footballer
    • 1982 – Beno Udrih, Slovenian basketball player
    • 1983 – Marco Estrada, Mexican baseball player
    • 1983 – Jonás Gutiérrez, Argentinian footballer
    • 1983 – Zheng Jie, Chinese tennis player
    • 1983 – Taavi Peetre, Estonian shot putter (d. 2010)
    • 1984 – Danay Garcia, Cuban actress
    • 1984 – Zack Miller, American golfer
    • 1985 – Alexandre R. Picard, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1985 – Megan Rapinoe, American soccer player
    • 1986 – Iurii Cheban, Ukrainian canoe sprinter
    • 1986 – Piermario Morosini, Italian footballer (d. 2012)
    • 1986 – Alexander Radulov, Russian ice hockey player
    • 1986 – Owl City, American singer, songwriter and composer
    • 1987 – Ji Chang-wook, South Korean actor
    • 1987 – Mohd Safiq Rahim, Malaysian footballer
    • 1987 – Andrija Kaluđerović, Serbian footballer
    • 1987 – Alexander Kristoff, Norwegian cyclist
    • 1988 – Martin Liivamägi, Estonian swimmer
    • 1988 – Samir Ujkani, Albanian footballer
    • 1989 – Charlie Austin, English footballer
    • 1989 – Georgios Efrem, Cypriot footballer
    • 1989 – Dwight King, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1990 – Abeba Aregawi, Ethiopian-Swedish runner
    • 1992 – Alberto Moreno, Spanish footballer
    • 1992 – Chiara Scholl, American tennis player
    • 1993 – Yaroslav Kosov, Russian ice hockey player
    • 1994 – Diana Harkusha, Ukrainian lawyer, dancer, model and beauty queen
    • 1994 – Shohei Ohtani, Japanese baseball player

    Deaths on July 5

    • 905 – Cui Yuan, Chinese chancellor
    • 905 – Dugu Sun, Chinese chancellor
    • 905 – Lu Yi, Chinese chancellor (b. 847)
    • 905 – Pei Shu, Chinese chancellor (b. 841)
    • 905 – Wang Pu, Chinese chancellor
    • 936 – Xu Ji, Chinese official and chancellor
    • 967 – Murakami, Japanese emperor (b. 926)
    • 1080 – Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop (b. 1006)
    • 1091 – William of Hirsau, German abbot
    • 1316 – Ferdinand, prince of Majorca (b. 1278)
    • 1375 – Charles III, French nobleman (b. 1337)
    • 1413 – Musa Çelebi, Ottoman prince and co-ruler
    • 1507 – Crinitus, Italian scholar and academic (b. 1475)
    • 1539 – Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
    • 1661 – Sir Hugh Speke, 1st Baronet
    • 1666 – Albert VI, German nobleman (b. 1584)
    • 1676 – Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish field marshal and politician (b. 1613)
    • 1715 – Charles Ancillon, French jurist and diplomat (b. 1659)
    • 1719 – Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, German-English general (b. 1641)
    • 1773 – Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)
    • 1819 – William Cornwallis, English admiral and politician (b.1744)
    • 1826 – Stamford Raffles, English politician, founded Singapore (b. 1782)
    • 1833 – Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor, created the first known photograph (b. 1765)
    • 1859 – Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist and engineer (b. 1777)
    • 1862 – Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist and paleontologist (b. 1800)
    • 1863 – Lewis Armistead, American general (b. 1817)
    • 1884 – Victor Massé, French composer (b. 1822)
    • 1908 – Jonas Lie, Norwegian author, poet, and playwright (b. 1833)
    • 1920 – Max Klinger, German painter and sculptor (b. 1857)
    • 1927 – Albrecht Kossel, German physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
    • 1929 – Henry Johnson, American sergeant (b. 1897)
    • 1932 – Sasha Chorny, Russian poet and author (b. 1880)
    • 1935 – Bernard de Pourtalès, Swiss captain and sailor (b. 1870)
    • 1937 – Daniel Sawyer, American golfer (b. 1884)
    • 1943 – Kazimierz Junosza-Stępowski, Polish actor (b. 1880)
    • 1943 – Karin Swanström, Swedish actress, director, and producer (b. 1873)
    • 1945 – John Curtin, Australian journalist and politician, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)
    • 1948 – Georges Bernanos, French soldier and author (b. 1888)
    • 1948 – Carole Landis, American actress (b. 1919)
    • 1948 – Piet Aalberse, Dutch politician (b. 1871)
    • 1957 – Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Indian lawyer and politician, 1st Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar (b. 1887)
    • 1965 – Porfirio Rubirosa, Dominican race car driver, polo player, and diplomat (b. 1909)
    • 1966 – George de Hevesy, Hungarian-German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
    • 1969 – Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist and educator (b. 1884)
    • 1969 – Walter Gropius, German architect, designed the John F. Kennedy Federal Building and Werkbund Exhibition (b. 1883)
    • 1969 – Tom Mboya, Kenyan politician, 1st Kenyan Minister of Justice (b. 1930)
    • 1969 – Leo McCarey, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1898)
    • 1975 – Gilda dalla Rizza, Italian soprano and actress (b. 1892)
    • 1983 – Harry James, American trumpet player and actor (b. 1916)
    • 1984 – Chic Murray, Canadian politician, 2nd Mayor of Mississauga (b. 1914)
    • 1991 – Howard Nemerov, American poet and essayist (b. 1920)
    • 1995 – Jüri Järvet, Estonian actor and screenwriter (b. 1919)
    • 1997 – A. Thangathurai, Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and politician (b. 1936)
    • 1998 – Sid Luckman, American football player (b. 1916)
    • 2002 – Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (b. 1924)
    • 2002 – Ted Williams, American baseball player and manager (b. 1918)
    • 2004 – Hugh Shearer, Jamaican journalist and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)
    • 2004 – Rodger Ward, American race car driver and sportscaster (b. 1921)
    • 2005 – James Stockdale, American admiral (b. 1923)
    • 2006 – Gert Fredriksson, Swedish canoe racer (b. 1919)
    • 2006 – Thirunalloor Karunakaran, Indian poet and scholar (b. 1924)
    • 2006 – Kenneth Lay, American businessman (b. 1942)
    • 2006 – Amzie Strickland, American actress (b. 1919)
    • 2007 – Régine Crespin, French soprano (b. 1927)
    • 2007 – George Melly, English singer-songwriter and critic (b. 1926)
    • 2008 – Hasan Doğan, Turkish businessman (b. 1956)
    • 2010 – Bob Probert, Canadian ice hockey player and radio host (b. 1965)
    • 2011 – Cy Twombly, American-Italian painter, sculptor, and photographer (b. 1928)
    • 2012 – Rob Goris, Belgian cyclist (b. 1982)
    • 2012 – Gerrit Komrij, Dutch author, poet, and playwright (b. 1944)
    • 2012 – Colin Marshall, Baron Marshall of Knightsbridge, English businessman and politician (b. 1933)
    • 2012 – Ruud van Hemert, Dutch actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1938)
    • 2013 – Bud Asher, American lawyer and politician (b. 1925)
    • 2013 – David Cargo, American politician, 22nd Governor of New Mexico (b. 1929)
    • 2013 – Lambert Jackson Woodburne, South African admiral (b. 1939)
    • 2014 – Rosemary Murphy, American actress (b. 1925)
    • 2014 – Volodymyr Sabodan, Ukrainian metropolitan (b. 1935)
    • 2014 – Hans-Ulrich Wehler, German historian and academic (b. 1931)
    • 2014 – Brett Wiesner, American soccer player (b. 1983)
    • 2015 – Archduchess Dorothea of Austria (b. 1920)
    • 2015 – Uffe Haagerup, Danish mathematician and academic (b. 1949)
    • 2015 – Yoichiro Nambu, Japanese-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1921)

    Holidays and observances on July 5

    • Bloody Thursday (International Longshore and Warehouse Union)
    • Christian feast day:
      • Anthony Maria Zaccaria, priest (d. 1539)
      • Cyril and Methodius (a public holiday in Czech Republic and Slovakia)
      • Zoe of Rome (Roman Catholic Church)
      • July 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Constitution Day (Armenia)
    • Independence Day (Algeria), celebrating the independence of Algeria from France in 1962.
    • Independence Day (Cape Verde), celebrating the independence of Cape Verde from Portugal in 1975.
    • Independence Day (Venezuela), celebrating the independence of Venezuela from Spain in 1811; also National Armed Forces Day.
    • Tynwald Day, if July 5 is on a weekend, the holiday is the following Monday. (Isle of Man)

  • June 21 – History, Events, Births, Deaths, Holidays and Observances On This Day

    This day usually marks the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, which is the day of the year with the most hours of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere and the fewest hours of daylight in the Southern Hemisphere.

    June 21 in History

    • 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date).
    • 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan.
    • 1529 – French forces are driven out of northern Italy by Spain at the Battle of Landriano during the War of the League of Cognac.
    • 1582 – Sengoku period: Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful of the Japanese daimyōs, is forced to commit suicide by his own general Akechi Mitsuhide.
    • 1621 – Execution of 27 Czech noblemen on the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.
    • 1734 – In Montreal in New France, a slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique is put to death, having been convicted of setting the fire that destroyed much of the city.
    • 1749 – Halifax, Nova Scotia, is founded.
    • 1768 – James Otis Jr. offends the King and Parliament in a speech to the Massachusetts General Court.
    • 1788 – New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify the Constitution of the United States.
    • 1791 – King Louis XVI of France and his immediate family begin the Flight to Varennes during the French Revolution.
    • 1798 – Irish Rebellion of 1798: The British Army defeats Irish rebels at the Battle of Vinegar Hill.
    • 1813 – Peninsular War: Wellington defeats Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria.
    • 1824 – Greek War of Independence: Egyptian forces capture Psara in the Aegean Sea.
    • 1826 – Maniots defeat Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha in the Battle of Vergas.
    • 1848 – In the Wallachian Revolution, Ion Heliade Rădulescu and Christian Tell issue the Proclamation of Islaz and create a new republican government.
    • 1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road begins.
    • 1898 – The United States captures Guam from Spain. The few warning shots fired by the U.S. naval vessels are misinterpreted as salutes by the Spanish garrison, which was unaware that the two nations were at war.
    • 1900 – Boxer Rebellion. China formally declares war on the United States, Britain, Germany, France and Japan, as an edict issued from the Empress Dowager Cixi.
    • 1915 – The U.S. Supreme Court hands down its decision in Guinn v. United States 238 US 347 1915, striking down Oklahoma grandfather clause legislation which had the effect of denying the right to vote to blacks.
    • 1919 – The Royal Canadian Mounted Police fire a volley into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two, during the Winnipeg general strike.
    • 1919 – Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet at Scapa Flow, Orkney. The nine sailors killed are the last casualties of World War I.
    • 1929 – An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico.
    • 1930 – One-year conscription comes into force in France.
    • 1940 – World War II: Italy begins an unsuccessful invasion of France.
    • 1942 – World War II: Tobruk falls to Italian and German forces.
    • 1942 – World War II: A Japanese submarine surfaces near the Columbia River in Oregon, firing 17 shells at Fort Stevens in one of only a handful of attacks by Japan against the United States mainland.
    • 1945 – World War II: The Battle of Okinawa ends when the organized resistance of Imperial Japanese Army forces collapses in the Mabuni area on the southern tip of the main island.
    • 1952 – The Philippine School of Commerce, through a republic act, is converted to Philippine College of Commerce, later to be the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.
    • 1957 – Ellen Fairclough is sworn in as Canada’s first female Cabinet Minister.
    • 1963 – Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini is elected as Pope Paul VI.
    • 1964 – Three civil rights workers, Andrew Goodman, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, are murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi, United States, by members of the Ku Klux Klan.
    • 1970 – Penn Central declares Section 77 bankruptcy in what was the largest U.S. corporate bankruptcy to date.
    • 1973 – In its decision in Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, the Supreme Court of the United States establishes the Miller test for determining whether something is obscene and not protected speech under the U.S. constitution.
    • 1978 – The original production of Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical, Evita, based on the life of Eva Perón, opens at the Prince Edward Theatre, London.
    • 1982 – John Hinckley is found not guilty by reason of insanity for the attempted assassination of U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
    • 1989 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, that American flag-burning is a form of political protest protected by the First Amendment.
    • 2000 – Section 28 (of the Local Government Act 1988), outlawing the ‘promotion’ of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, is repealed in Scotland with a 99 to 17 vote.
    • 2001 – A federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia, indicts 13 Saudis and a Lebanese in the 1996 bombing of the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 American servicemen.
    • 2004 – SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight.
    • 2005 – Edgar Ray Killen, who had previously been unsuccessfully tried for the murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Mickey Schwerner, is convicted of manslaughter 41 years afterwards (the case had been reopened in 2004).
    • 2006 – Pluto’s newly discovered moons are officially named Nix and Hydra.
    • 2009 – Greenland assumes self-rule.
    • 2012 – A boat carrying more than 200 migrants capsizes in the Indian Ocean between the Indonesian island of Java and Christmas Island, killing 17 people and leaving 70 others missing.

    Births on June 21

    • 598 – Pope Martin I (d. 656)
    • 906 – Abu Ja’far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Saffarid emir (d. 963)
    • 1002 – Pope Leo IX (d. 1054)
    • 1226 – Bolesław V the Chaste of Poland (d. 1279)
    • 1521 – John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (d. 1580)
    • 1528 – Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1603)
    • 1535 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596)
    • 1630 – Samuel Oppenheimer, German Jewish banker and diplomat (d. 1703)
    • 1636 – Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d’Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, French noble (d. 1721)
    • 1639 – Increase Mather, American minister and author (d. 1723)
    • 1676 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher and author (d. 1729)
    • 1706 – John Dollond, English optician and astronomer (d. 1761)
    • 1710 – James Short, Scottish-English mathematician and optician (d. 1768)
    • 1712 – Luc Urbain de Bouëxic, comte de Guichen, French admiral (d. 1790)
    • 1730 – Motoori Norinaga, Japanese poet and scholar (d. 1801)
    • 1732 – Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach, German pianist and composer (d. 1791)
    • 1736 – Enoch Poor, American general (d. 1780)
    • 1741 – Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais (d. 1808)
    • 1750 – Pierre-Nicolas Beauvallet, French sculptor and illustrator (d. 1818)
    • 1759 – Alexander J. Dallas, American lawyer and politician, 6th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1817)
    • 1763 – Pierre Paul Royer-Collard, French philosopher and academic (d. 1845)
    • 1764 – Sidney Smith, English admiral and politician (d. 1840)
    • 1774 – Daniel D. Tompkins, American lawyer and politician, 6th Vice President of the United States (d. 1825)
    • 1781 – Siméon Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1840)
    • 1786 – Charles Edward Horn, English singer-songwriter (d. 1849)
    • 1792 – Ferdinand Christian Baur, German theologian and scholar (d. 1860)
    • 1797 – Wilhelm Küchelbecker, Russian poet and author (d. 1846)
    • 1802 – Karl Zittel, German theologian (d. 1871)
    • 1805 – Karl Friedrich Curschmann, German composer and singer (d. 1841)
    • 1805 – Charles Thomas Jackson, American physician and geologist (d. 1880)
    • 1811 – Carlo Matteucci, Italian physicist and neurophysiologist (d. 1868)
    • 1814 – Anton Nuhn, German anatomist and academic (d. 1889)
    • 1823 – Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (d. 1873)
    • 1825 – Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie, Irish economist and jurist (d. 1882)
    • 1825 – William Stubbs, English bishop and historian (d. 1901)
    • 1828 – Ferdinand André Fouqué, French geologist and academic (d. 1904)
    • 1828 – Nikolaus Nilles, German Catholic writer and teacher (d. 1907)
    • 1834 – Frans de Cort, Flemish poet and author (d. 1878)
    • 1836 – Luigi Tripepi, Italian theologian (d. 1906)
    • 1839 – Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian author, poet, and playwright (d. 1908)
    • 1845 – Samuel Griffith, Welsh-Australian politician, 9th Premier of Queensland (d. 1920)
    • 1845 – Arthur Cowper Ranyard, English astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1894)
    • 1846 – Marion Adams-Acton, Scottish-English author and playwright (d. 1928)
    • 1846 – Enrico Coleman, Italian painter (d. 1911)
    • 1850 – Daniel Carter Beard, American author and illustrator, co-founded the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1941)
    • 1858 – Giuseppe De Sanctis, Italian painter (d. 1924)
    • 1858 – Medardo Rosso, Italian sculptor and educator (d. 1928)
    • 1859 – Henry Ossawa Tanner, American-French painter and illustrator (d. 1937)
    • 1862 – Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai historian and author (d. 1943)
    • 1863 – Max Wolf, German astronomer and academic (d. 1932)
    • 1864 – Heinrich Wölfflin, Swiss historian and critic (d. 1945)
    • 1867 – Oscar Florianus Bluemner, German-American painter and illustrator (d. 1938)
    • 1867 – William Brede Kristensen, Norwegian historian of religion (d. 1953)
    • 1868 – Edwin Stephen Goodrich, English zoologist and anatomist (d. 1946)
    • 1870 – Clara Immerwahr, Jewish-German chemist and academic (d. 1915)
    • 1870 – Anthony Michell, English-Australian engineer (d. 1959)
    • 1870 – Julio Ruelas, Mexican painter (d. 1907)
    • 1876 – Swami Kalyan Dev, philosopher  (d. 2004)
    • 1876 – Willem Hendrik Keesom, Dutch physicist and academic (d. 1956)
    • 1880 – Arnold Gesell, American psychologist and pediatrician (d. 1961)
    • 1880 – Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, English economist and civil servant (d. 1941)
    • 1881 – (O.S.) Natalia Goncharova, Russian painter, costume designer, and illustrator (d. 1962)
    • 1882 – Lluís Companys, Spanish lawyer and politician, 123rd President of Catalonia (d. 1940)
    • 1882 – Adrianus de Jong, Dutch fencer and soldier (d. 1966)
    • 1882 – Rockwell Kent, American painter and illustrator (d. 1971)
    • 1883 – Feodor Gladkov, Russian author and educator (d. 1958)
    • 1884 – Claude Auchinleck, English field marshal (d. 1981)
    • 1887 – Norman L. Bowen, Canadian geologist and petrologist (d. 1956)
    • 1889 – Ralph Craig, American sprinter and sailor (d. 1972)
    • 1891 – Pier Luigi Nervi, Italian architect and engineer, co-designed the Pirelli Tower and Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (d. 1979)
    • 1891 – Hermann Scherchen, German-Swiss viola player and conductor (d. 1966)
    • 1892 – Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologian and academic (d. 1971)
    • 1893 – Alois Hába, Czech composer and educator (d. 1973)
    • 1894 – Milward Kennedy, English journalist and civil servant (d. 1968)
    • 1896 – Charles Momsen, American admiral, invented the Momsen lung (d. 1967)
    • 1898 – Donald C. Peattie, American botanist and author (d. 1964)
    • 1899 – Pavel Haas, Czech composer (d. 1944)
    • 1903 – Hermann Engelhard, German runner and coach (d. 1984)
    • 1903 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist, painter and illustrator (d. 2003)
    • 1905 – Jacques Goddet, French journalist (d. 2000)
    • 1905 – Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher and author (d. 1980)
    • 1908 – William Frankena, American philosopher and academic (d. 1994)
    • 1910 – Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Russian poet and author (d. 1971)
    • 1911 – Irving Fein, American producer and manager (d. 2012)
    • 1912 – Kazimierz Leski, Polish pilot and engineer (d. 2000)
    • 1912 – Mary McCarthy, American novelist and critic (d. 1989)
    • 1912 – Vishnu Prabhakar, Indian author and playwright (d. 2009)
    • 1913 – Madihe Pannaseeha Thero, Sri Lankan monk and scholar (d. 2003)
    • 1913 – Luis Taruc, Filipino political activist (d. 2005)
    • 1914 – William Vickrey, Canadian-American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
    • 1915 – Wilhelm Gliese, German soldier and astronomer (d. 1993)
    • 1916 – Joseph Cyril Bamford, English businessman, founded J. C. Bamford (d. 2001)
    • 1916 – Tchan Fou-li, Chinese photographer (d. 2018)
    • 1916 – Herbert Friedman, American physicist and astronomer (d. 2000)
    • 1916 – Buddy O’Connor, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1977)
    • 1918 – Robert A. Boyd, Canadian engineer (d. 2006)
    • 1918 – James Joll, English historian, author, and academic (d. 1994)
    • 1918 – Eddie Lopat, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 1992)
    • 1918 – Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer (d. 2020)
    • 1918 – Robert Roosa, American economist and banker (d. 1993)
    • 1918 – Tibor Szele, Hungarian mathematician and academic (d. 1955)
    • 1918 – Josephine Webb, American engineer
    • 1919 – Antonia Mesina, Italian martyr and saint (d. 1935)
    • 1919 – Gérard Pelletier, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1997)
    • 1919 – Vladimir Simagin, Russian chess player and coach (d. 1968)
    • 1919 – Paolo Soleri, Italian-American architect, designed the Cosanti (d. 2013)
    • 1920 – Hans Gerschwiler, Swiss figure skater (d. 2017)
    • 1921 – Judy Holliday, American actress and singer (d. 1965)
    • 1921 – Jane Russell, American actress and singer (d. 2011)
    • 1921 – William Edwin Self, American actor, producer, and production manager (d. 2010)
    • 1922 – Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Burkinabé historian, politician and writer (d. 2006)
    • 1923 – Jacques Hébert, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 2007)
    • 1924 – Pontus Hultén, Swedish art collector and historian (d. 2006)
    • 1924 – Ezzatolah Entezami, Iranian actor (d. 2018)
    • 1924 – Wally Fawkes, British-Canadian jazz clarinetist and a satirical cartoonist
    • 1924 – Jean Laplanche, French psychoanalyst and academic (d. 2012)
    • 1925 – Larisa Avdeyeva, Russian mezzo-soprano (d. 2013)
    • 1925 – Stanley Moss, American poet, publisher, and art dealer
    • 1925 – Giovanni Spadolini, Italian journalist and politician, 45th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1994)
    • 1925 – Maureen Stapleton, American actress (d. 2006)
    • 1926 – Fred Cone, American football player
    • 1926 – Conrad Hall, French-American cinematographer (d. 2003)
    • 1927 – Carl Stokes, American lawyer, politician, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Seychelles (d. 1996)
    • 1928 – Wolfgang Haken, German-American mathematician and academic
    • 1928 – Fiorella Mari, Brazilian-Italian actress
    • 1928 – Margit Bara, Hungarian actress (d. 2016)
    • 1929 – Alexandre Lagoya, Egyptian-Greek guitarist and composer (d. 1999)
    • 1930 – Gerald Kaufman, English journalist and politician, Shadow Foreign Secretary (d. 2017)
    • 1930 – Mike McCormack, American football player and coach (d. 2013)
    • 1931 – Zlatko Grgić, Croatian-Canadian animator, director, and screenwriter (d. 1988)
    • 1931 – Margaret Heckler, American journalist, lawyer, and politician, 15th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
    • 1931 – David Kushnir, Israeli Olympic long-jumper
    • 1932 – Bernard Ingham, English journalist and civil servant
    • 1932 – Lalo Schifrin, Argentinian pianist, composer, and conductor
    • 1932 – O.C. Smith, American R&B/jazz singer (d. 2001)
    • 1933 – Bernie Kopell, American actor and comedian
    • 1935 – Françoise Sagan, French author and playwright (d. 2004)
    • 1937 – John Edrich, English cricketer and coach
    • 1938 – Don Black, English songwriter
    • 1938 – John W. Dower, American historian and author
    • 1938 – Michael M. Richter, German mathematician and computer scientist
    • 1940 – Mariette Hartley, American actress and television personality
    • 1940 – Michael Ruse, Canadian philosopher and academic
    • 1941 – Aloysius Paul D’Souza, Indian bishop
    • 1941 – Joe Flaherty, American-Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1941 – Lyman Ward, Canadian actor
    • 1942 – Clive Brooke, Baron Brooke of Alverthorpe, English businessman and politician
    • 1942 – Marjorie Margolies, American journalist and politician
    • 1942 – Henry S. Taylor, American author and poet
    • 1942 – Togo D. West, Jr., American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs
    • 1943 – Eumir Deodato, Brazilian pianist, composer, and producer
    • 1943 – Diane Marleau, Canadian accountant and politician, Canadian Minister of Health (d. 2013)
    • 1943 – Brian Sternberg, American pole vaulter (d. 2013)
    • 1944 – Ray Davies, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1944 – Tony Scott, English-American director and producer (d. 2012)
    • 1945 – Robert Dewar, English-American computer scientist and academic (d. 2015)
    • 1945 – Adam Zagajewski, Polish author and poet
    • 1946 – Per Eklund, Swedish race car driver
    • 1946 – Kate Hoey, Northern Irish-British academic and politician, Minister for Sport and the Olympics
    • 1946 – Brenda Holloway, American singer-songwriter
    • 1946 – Trond Kirkvaag, Norwegian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2007)
    • 1946 – Malcolm Rifkind, Scottish lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Scotland
    • 1946 – Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi, Iraqi-British businessman, founded M&C Saatchi and Saatchi & Saatchi
    • 1947 – Meredith Baxter, American actress
    • 1947 – Shirin Ebadi, Iranian lawyer, judge, and activist, Nobel Prize laureate
    • 1947 – Michael Gross, American actor
    • 1947 – Joey Molland, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1947 – Wade Phillips, American football coach
    • 1947 – Fernando Savater, Spanish philosopher and author
    • 1948 – Jovan Aćimović, Serbian footballer and manager
    • 1948 – Ian McEwan, British novelist and screenwriter
    • 1948 – Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish author and translator
    • 1948 – Philippe Sarde, French composer and conductor
    • 1949 – John Agard, Guyanese-English author, poet, and playwright
    • 1949 – Derek Emslie, Lord Kingarth, Scottish lawyer and judge
    • 1950 – Anne Carson, Canadian poet and academic
    • 1950 – Joey Kramer, American rock drummer and songwriter (Aerosmith)
    • 1950 – Enn Reitel, Scottish actor and screenwriter
    • 1950 – Trygve Thue, Norwegian guitarist and record producer
    • 1950 – John Paul Young, Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter
    • 1951 – Jim Douglas, American academic and politician, 80th Governor of Vermont
    • 1951 – Terence Etherton, English lawyer and judge
    • 1951 – Alan Hudson, English footballer
    • 1951 – Nils Lofgren, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1951 – Lenore Manderson, Australian anthropologist and academic
    • 1951 – Mona-Lisa Pursiainen, Finnish sprinter (d. 2000)
    • 1952 – Judith Bingham, English singer-songwriter
    • 1952 – Jeremy Coney, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster
    • 1952 – Patrick Dunleavy, English political scientist and academic
    • 1952 – Kōichi Mashimo, Japanese director and screenwriter
    • 1953 – Benazir Bhutto, Pakistani financier and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 2007)
    • 1954 – Már Guðmundsson, Icelandic economist, former Governor of Central Bank of Iceland
    • 1954 – Mark Kimmitt, American general and politician, 16th Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs
    • 1954 – Robert Menasse, Austrian author and academic
    • 1955 – Tim Bray, Canadian software developer and businessman
    • 1955 – Michel Platini, French footballer and manager
    • 1956 – Rick Sutcliffe, American baseball player and broadcaster
    • 1957 – Berkeley Breathed, American author and illustrator
    • 1957 – Luis Antonio Tagle, Filipino cardinal
    • 1958 – Víctor Montoya, Bolivian journalist and author
    • 1958 – Gennady Padalka, Russian colonel, pilot, and astronaut
    • 1959 – John Baron, English captain and politician
    • 1959 – Tom Chambers, American basketball player and sportscaster
    • 1959 – Marcella Detroit, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1959 – Kathy Mattea, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1960 – Kate Brown, American politician, 38th Governor of Oregon
    • 1960 – Karl Erjavec, Slovenian politician
    • 1961 – Manu Chao, French singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
    • 1961 – Sascha Konietzko, German keyboard player and producer
    • 1961 – Joko Widodo, Indonesian businessman and politician, 7th President of Indonesia
    • 1961 – Kip Winger, American rock singer-songwriter and musician
    • 1961 – Iztok Mlakar, Slovenian actor and singer-songwriter
    • 1962 – Shōhei Takada, Japanese shogi player and theoretician
    • 1962 – Viktor Tsoi, Russian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1990)
    • 1963 – Dario Marianelli, Italian pianist and composer
    • 1963 – Mike Sherrard, American football player
    • 1964 – David Morrissey, English actor and director
    • 1964 – Dimitris Papaioannou, Greek director and choreographer
    • 1964 – Dean Saunders, Welsh footballer and manager
    • 1964 – Doug Savant, American actor
    • 1965 – David Beerling, English biologist and academic
    • 1965 – Yang Liwei, Chinese general, pilot, and astronaut
    • 1965 – Ewen McKenzie, Australian rugby player and coach
    • 1965 – Lana Wachowski, American director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1966 – Gretchen Carlson, American model and television journalist, Miss America 1989
    • 1967 – Jim Breuer, American comedian, actor, and producer
    • 1967 – Derrick Coleman, American basketball player and sportscaster
    • 1967 – Pierre Omidyar, French-American businessman, founded eBay
    • 1967 – Carrie Preston, American actress, director, and producer
    • 1967 – Yingluck Shinawatra, Thai businesswoman and politician, 28th Prime Minister of Thailand
    • 1968 – Sonique, English singer-songwriter and DJ
    • 1970 – Eric Reed, American pianist and composer
    • 1971 – Tyronne Drakeford, American football player
    • 1972 – Nobuharu Asahara, Japanese sprinter and long jumper
    • 1972 – Neil Doak, Northern Irish cricketer and rugby player
    • 1972 – Irene van Dyk, South African-New Zealand netball player
    • 1973 – Juliette Lewis, American actress and singer-songwriter
    • 1973 – John Mitchell, English guitarist, vocalist and songwriter
    • 1974 – Rob Kelly, American football player
    • 1974 – Craig Lowndes, Australian race car driver
    • 1974 – Flavio Roma, Italian footballer
    • 1975 – Brian Simmons, American football player
    • 1976 – Shelley Craft, Australian television host
    • 1976 – Mike Einziger, American guitarist and songwriter
    • 1976 – Nigel Lappin, Australian footballer and coach
    • 1977 – Michael Gomez, Irish boxer
    • 1977 – Al Wilson, American football player
    • 1978 – Thomas Blondeau, Flemish writer (d. 2013)
    • 1978 – Matt Kuchar, American golfer
    • 1978 – Cristiano Lupatelli, Italian footballer
    • 1978 – Gervase Markham, British software engineer (d. 2018)
    • 1978 – Dejan Ognjanović, Montenegrin footballer
    • 1978 – Rim’K, French rapper
    • 1979 – Kostas Katsouranis, Greek footballer
    • 1979 – Chris Pratt, American actor
    • 1980 – Michael Crocker, Australian rugby league player and sportscaster
    • 1980 – Łukasz Cyborowski, Polish chess player
    • 1980 – Richard Jefferson, American basketball player
    • 1980 – Sendy Rleal, Dominican baseball player
    • 1981 – Yann Danis, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1981 – Garrett Jones, American baseball player
    • 1981 – Brandon Flowers, American singer-songwriter
    • 1981 – Brad Walker, American pole vaulter
    • 1982 – Lee Dae-ho, South Korean baseball player
    • 1982 – Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
    • 1982 – Jussie Smollett, American actor and singer
    • 1983 – Edward Snowden, American activist and academic
    • 1985 – Lana Del Rey, American singer-songwriter
    • 1985 – Sentayehu Ejigu, Ethiopian runner
    • 1985 – Byron Schammer, Australian footballer
    • 1986 – Kathleen O’Kelly-Kennedy, Australian wheelchair basketball player
    • 1986 – Hideaki Wakui, Japanese baseball player
    • 1987 – Pablo Barrera, Mexican footballer
    • 1987 – Sebastian Prödl, Austrian footballer
    • 1987 – Dale Thomas, Australian footballer
    • 1988 – Allyssa DeHaan, American basketball and volleyball player
    • 1988 – Paolo Tornaghi, Italian footballer
    • 1988 – Thaddeus Young, American basketball player
    • 1989 – Abubaker Kaki, Sudanese runner
    • 1990 – Ričardas Berankis, Lithuanian tennis player
    • 1990 – Lunar C, English rapper
    • 1990 – François Moubandje, Swiss footballer
    • 1990 – Håvard Nordtveit, Norwegian footballer
    • 1991 – Gaël Kakuta, French footballer
    • 1992 – MAX, American singer, songwriter, actor, dancer and model
    • 1994 – Başak Eraydın, Turkish tennis player
    • 1996 – Tyrone May, Australian rugby league player
    • 1997 – Rebecca Black, American singer-songwriter
    • 1997 – Derrius Guice, American football player
    • 2011 – Lil Bub, American celebrity cat

    Deaths on June 21

    • 532 – Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei, former Northern Wei emperor
    • 866 – Rodulf, Frankish archbishop
    • 868 – Ali al-Hadi, the tenth Imam of Shia Islam (b. 829)
    • 870 – Al-Muhtadi, Muslim caliph
    • 947 – Zhang Li, official of the Liao Dynasty
    • 1040 – Fulk III, Count of Anjou (b. 972)
    • 1171 – Walter de Luci, French-English monk (b. 1103)
    • 1208 – Philip of Swabia (b. 1177)
    • 1305 – Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (b. 1271)
    • 1359 – Erik Magnusson, king of Sweden (b. 1339)
    • 1377 – Edward III of England (b. 1312)
    • 1421 – Jean Le Maingre, French general (b. 1366)
    • 1527 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and author (b. 1469)
    • 1529 – John Skelton, English poet and educator (b. 1460)
    • 1547 – Sebastiano del Piombo, Italian painter and educator (b. 1485)
    • 1558 – Piero Strozzi, Italian general (b. 1510)
    • 1582 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (b. 1534)
    • 1585 – Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (b. 1532)
    • 1591 – Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian saint (b. 1568)
    • 1596 – Jean Liebault, French agronomist and physician (b. 1535)
    • 1621 – Louis III, Cardinal of Guise (b. 1575)
    • 1621 – Kryštof Harant, Czech soldier and composer (b. 1564)
    • 1622 – Salomon Schweigger, German theologian (b. 1551)
    • 1631 – John Smith, English admiral and explorer (b. 1580)
    • 1652 – Inigo Jones, English architect, designed the Queen’s House and Wilton House (b. 1573)
    • 1661 – Andrea Sacchi, Italian painter (b. 1599)
    • 1737 – Matthieu Marais, French author, critic, and jurist (b. 1664)
    • 1738 – Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1674)
    • 1796 – Richard Gridley, American soldier and engineer (b. 1710)
    • 1824 – Étienne Aignan, French playwright and translator (b. 1773)
    • 1865 – Frances Adeline Seward, American wife of William H. Seward (b. 1824)
    • 1874 – Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist and astronomer (b. 1814)
    • 1876 – Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican general and politician 8th President of Mexico (b. 1794)
    • 1880 – Theophilus H. Holmes, American general (b. 1804)
    • 1893 – Leland Stanford, American businessman and politician, 8th Governor of California (b. 1824)
    • 1908 – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer and educator (b. 1844)
    • 1914 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1843)
    • 1929 – Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, English sociologist, journalist, and academic (b. 1864)
    • 1934 – Thorne Smith, American author (b. 1892)
    • 1940 – Smedley Butler, American general, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1881)
    • 1940 – Édouard Vuillard, French painter (b. 1868)
    • 1951 – Charles Dillon Perrine, American astronomer (b. 1867)
    • 1951 – Gustave Sandras, French gymnast (b. 1872)
    • 1952 – Wop May, Canadian captain and pilot (b. 1896)
    • 1954 – Gideon Sundback, Swedish-American engineer, developed the zipper (b. 1880)
    • 1957 – Claude Farrère, French captain and author (b. 1876)
    • 1957 – Johannes Stark, German physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
    • 1964 – James Chaney, American civil rights activist (b. 1943)
    • 1964 – Andrew Goodman, American civil rights activist (b. 1943)
    • 1964 – Michael Schwerner, American civil rights activist (b. 1939)
    • 1967 – Theodore Sizer, American professor of the history of art (b. 1892)
    • 1969 – Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (b. 1934)
    • 1970 – Sukarno, Indonesian engineer and politician, 1st President of Indonesia (b. 1901)
    • 1970 – Piers Courage, English race car driver (b. 1942)
    • 1976 – Margaret Herrick, American librarian (b. 1902)
    • 1980 – Bert Kaempfert, German conductor and composer (b. 1923)
    • 1981 – Don Figlozzi, American illustrator and animator (b. 1909)
    • 1985 – Hector Boyardee, Italian-American chef and businessman, founded Chef Boyardee (b. 1897)
    • 1985 – Tage Erlander, Swedish lieutenant and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1901)
    • 1986 – Assi Rahbani, Lebanese singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1923)
    • 1987 – Madman Muntz, American engineer and businessman, founded the Muntz Car Company (b. 1914)
    • 1988 – Bobby Dodd, American football coach (b. 1908)
    • 1990 – Cedric Belfrage, English journalist and author, co-founded the National Guardian (b. 1904)
    • 1990 – June Christy, American singer (b. 1925)
    • 1992 – Ben Alexander, Australian rugby league player (b. 1971)
    • 1992 – Arthur Gorrie, Australian hobby shop proprietor (b. 1922)
    • 1992 – Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet, author, and playwright (b. 1956)
    • 1992 – Li Xiannian, Chinese captain and politician, 3rd President of the People’s Republic of China (b. 1909)
    • 1994 – William Wilson Morgan, American astronomer and astrophysicist (b. 1906)
    • 1997 – Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor, singer, director, and producer (b. 1931)
    • 1997 – Fidel Velázquez Sánchez, Mexican trade union leader (b. 1900)
    • 1998 – Harry Cranbrook Allen, English historian (b. 1917)
    • 1998 – Anastasio Ballestrero, Italian cardinal (b. 1913)
    • 1998 – Al Campanis, American baseball player and manager (b. 1916)
    • 1999 – Kami, Japanese drummer (b. 1973)
    • 2000 – Alan Hovhaness, Armenian-American pianist and composer (b. 1911)
    • 2001 – John Lee Hooker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1917)
    • 2001 – Soad Hosny, Egyptian actress and singer (b. 1942)
    • 2001 – Carroll O’Connor, American actor and producer (b. 1924)
    • 2002 – Timothy Findley, Canadian author and playwright (b. 1930)
    • 2003 – Roger Neilson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1934)
    • 2003 – Leon Uris, American soldier and author (b. 1924)
    • 2004 – Leonel Brizola, Brazilian engineer and politician, Governor of Rio de Janeiro (b. 1922)
    • 2004 – Ruth Leach Amonette, American businesswoman (b. 1916)
    • 2005 – Jaime Sin, Filipino cardinal (b. 1928)
    • 2006 – Jared C. Monti, American sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1975)
    • 2007 – Bob Evans, American businessman, founded Bob Evans Restaurants (b. 1918)
    • 2008 – Scott Kalitta, American race car driver (b. 1962)
    • 2010 – Russell Ash, English author (b. 1946)
    • 2010 – Irwin Barker, Canadian actor and screenwriter (b. 1956)
    • 2010 – İlhan Selçuk, Turkish lawyer, journalist, and author (b. 1925)
    • 2011 – Robert Kroetsch, Canadian author and poet (b. 1927)
    • 2012 – Richard Adler, American composer and producer (b. 1921)
    • 2012 – Abid Hussain, Indian economist and diplomat, Indian Ambassador to the United States (b. 1926)
    • 2012 – Sunil Janah, Indian photographer and journalist (b. 1918)
    • 2012 – Anna Schwartz, American economist and author (b. 1915)
    • 2013 – James P. Gordon, American physicist and academic (b. 1928)
    • 2013 – Elliott Reid, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1920)
    • 2014 – Yozo Ishikawa, Japanese politician, Japanese Minister of Defense (b. 1925)
    • 2014 – Walter Kieber, Austrian-Liechtenstein politician, 7th Prime Minister of Liechtenstein (b. 1931)
    • 2014 – Wong Ho Leng, Malaysian lawyer and politician (b. 1959)
    • 2015 – Darryl Hamilton, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1964)
    • 2015 – Veijo Meri, Finnish author and poet (b. 1928)
    • 2015 – Remo Remotti, Italian actor, playwright, and poet (b. 1924)
    • 2015 – Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, German soldier and politician (b. 1932)
    • 2015 – Gunther Schuller, American horn player, composer, and conductor (b. 1925)
    • 2016 – Pierre Lalonde, Canadian television host and singer (b. 1941)
    • 2018 – Charles Krauthammer, American columnist and conservative political commentator (b.1950)

    Holidays and observances on June 21

    • Christian feast day:
      • Alban of Mainz
      • Aloysius Gonzaga
      • Engelmund of Velsen
      • Martin of Tongres
      • Onesimos Nesib (Lutheran)
      • June 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Day of the Martyrs (Togo)
    • Father’s Day (Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Uganda, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates)
    • Go Skateboarding Day
    • International Yoga Day (international)
    • National Aboriginal Day (Canada)
    • Solstice-related observances (see also June 20):
      • Day of Private Reflection
      • International Surfing Day
      • National Day (Greenland)
      • We Tripantu, a winter solstice festival in the southern hemisphere. (Mapuche, southern Chile)
      • Willkakuti, an Andean-Amazonic New Year (Aymara)
      • Fête de la Musique
    • World Humanist Day (Humanism)
    • World Hydrography Day (international)
  • |

    June 13 – History, Events, Births, Deaths, Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia.
    • 1381 – In England, the Peasants’ Revolt, led by Wat Tyler, comes to a head, as rebels set fire to the Savoy Palace.
    • 1514 – Henry Grace à Dieu, at over 1,000 tons the largest warship in the world at this time, built at the new Woolwich Dockyard in England, is dedicated.
    • 1525 – Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for priests and nuns.
    • 1625 – King Charles I of England marries Catholic princess Henrietta Maria of France and Navarre, at Canterbury.
    • 1740 – Georgia provincial governor James Oglethorpe begins an unsuccessful attempt to take Spanish Florida during the Siege of St. Augustine.
    • 1774 – Rhode Island becomes the first of Britain’s North American colonies to ban the importation of slaves.
    • 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette lands near Charleston, South Carolina, in order to help the Continental Congress to train its army.
    • 1805 – Lewis and Clark Expedition: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River.
    • 1881 – The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.
    • 1886 – A fire devastates much of Vancouver, British Columbia.
    • 1893 – Grover Cleveland notices a rough spot in his mouth and on July 1 undergoes secret, successful surgery to remove a large, cancerous portion of his jaw; the operation was not revealed to the public until 1917, nine years after the president’s death.
    • 1898 – Yukon Territory is formed, with Dawson chosen as its capital.
    • 1917 – World War I: The deadliest German air raid on London of the war is carried out by Gotha G.IV bombers and results in 162 deaths, including 46 children, and 432 injuries.
    • 1927 – Aviator Charles Lindbergh receives a ticker tape parade down 5th Avenue in New York City.
    • 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Villers-Bocage: German tank ace Michael Wittmann ambushes elements of the British 7th Armoured Division, destroying up to fourteen tanks, fifteen personnel carriers and two anti-tank guns in a Tiger I tank.
    • 1944 – World War II: German combat elements, reinforced by the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division, launch a counterattack on American forces near Carentan.
    • 1944 – World War II: Germany launches the first V1 Flying Bomb attack on England. Only four of the eleven bombs strike their targets.
    • 1952 – Catalina affair: A Swedish Douglas DC-3 is shot down by a Soviet MiG-15 fighter.
    • 1966 – The United States Supreme Court rules in Miranda v. Arizona that the police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning them.
    • 1967 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson nominates Solicitor-General Thurgood Marshall to become the first black justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.
    • 1971 – Vietnam War: The New York Times begins publication of the Pentagon Papers.
    • 1977 – Convicted Martin Luther King Jr. assassin James Earl Ray is recaptured after escaping from prison three days before.
    • 1981 – At the Trooping the Colour ceremony in London, a teenager, Marcus Sarjeant, fires six blank shots at Queen Elizabeth II.
    • 1982 – Fahd becomes King of Saudi Arabia upon the death of his brother, Khalid.
    • 1982 – Battles of Tumbledown and Wireless Ridge, during the Falklands War.
    • 1983 – Pioneer 10 becomes the first man-made object to leave the central Solar System when it passes beyond the orbit of Neptune.
    • 1990 – First day of the June 1990 Mineriad in Romania. At least 240 strikers and students are arrested or killed in the chaos ensuing from the first post-Ceaușescu elections.
    • 1994 – A jury in Anchorage, Alaska, blames recklessness by Exxon and Captain Joseph Hazelwood for the Exxon Valdez disaster, allowing victims of the oil spill to seek $15 billion in damages.
    • 1996 – The Montana Freemen surrender after an 81-day standoff with FBI agents.
    • 1997 – A jury sentences Timothy McVeigh to death for his part in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.
    • 2000 – President Kim Dae-jung of South Korea meets Kim Jong-il, leader of North Korea, for the beginning of the first ever inter-Korea summit, in the northern capital of Pyongyang.
    • 2000 – Italy pardons Mehmet Ali Ağca, the Turkish gunman who tried to kill Pope John Paul II in 1981.
    • 2002 – The United States withdraws from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
    • 2007 – The Al Askari Mosque is bombed for a second time.
    • 2010 – A capsule of the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa, containing particles of the asteroid 25143 Itokawa, returns to Earth.
    • 2012 – A series of bombings across Iraq, including Baghdad, Hillah and Kirkuk, kills at least 93 people and wounds over 300 others.
    • 2015 – A man opens fire at policemen outside the police headquarters in Dallas, Texas, while a bag containing a pipe bomb is also found. He was later shot dead by police.

    Births on June 13

    • AD 40 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general (d. 93)
    • 823 – Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 877)
    • 839 – Charles the Fat, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 888)
    • 1367 – Taejong of Joseon (d. 1422)
    • 1500 – Ernest of Bavaria, pledge lord of the County of Glatz (d. 1560)
    • 1508 – Alessandro Piccolomini, Italian astronomer and philosopher (d. 1579)
    • 1539 – Jost Amman, Swiss printmaker (d. 1591)
    • 1555 – Giovanni Antonio Magini, Italian mathematician, cartographer and astronomer (d. 1617)
    • 1580 – Willebrord Snell, Dutch astronomer and mathematician (d. 1626)
    • 1595 – Jan Marek Marci, Czech physician and scientist (d. 1667)
    • 1617 – Sir Vincent Corbet, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1656)
    • 1649 – Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic (d. 1706)
    • 1711 – Sir Richard Glyn, 1st Baronet, of Ewell, English banker and politician, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1773)
    • 1752 – Frances Burney, English novelist and playwright (d. 1840)
    • 1761 – Antonín Vranický, Czech violinist and composer (d. 1820)
    • 1763 – José Bonifácio de Andrada, Brazilian poet, academic, and politician (d. 1838)
    • 1773 – Thomas Young, English physicist and physiologist (d. 1829)
    • 1775 – Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian composer and politician (d. 1833)
    • 1786 – Winfield Scott, American general (d. 1866)
    • 1790 – José Antonio Páez, Venezuelan general and politician, President of Venezuela (d. 1873)
    • 1809 – Heinrich Hoffmann, German psychiatrist and author (d. 1894)
    • 1822 – Carl Schmidt, Latvian-German chemist and academic (d. 1894)
    • 1827 – Alberto Henschel, German-Brazilian photographer and businessman (d. 1882)
    • 1831 – James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist and mathematician (d. 1879)
    • 1840 – Augusta Lundin, the first international Swedish fashion designer (d. 1919)
    • 1854 – Charles Algernon Parsons, English engineer, founded C. A. Parsons and Company (d. 1931)
    • 1863 – Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, English fashion designer (d. 1935)
    • 1864 – Rudolf Kjellén, Swedish political scientist and academic (d. 1922)
    • 1864 – Dwight B. Waldo, American historian and academic (d. 1939)
    • 1865 – Karl Blossfeldt, German photographer (d. 1932)
    • 1865 – W. B. Yeats, Irish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1939)
    • 1868 – Wallace Clement Sabine, American physicist and academic (d. 1919)
    • 1870 – Jules Bordet, Belgian immunologist and microbiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)
    • 1872 – Thomas N. Heffron, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1951)
    • 1873 – Karin Swanström, Swedish actress, director, and producer (d. 1942)
    • 1875 – Paul Neumann, Austrian swimmer and physician (d. 1932)
    • 1876 – William Sealy Gosset, English chemist and statistician (d. 1937)
    • 1879 – Heinrich Gutkin, Estonian businessman and politician (d. 1941)
    • 1879 – Charalambos Tseroulis, Greek general and politician, Greek Minister for Military Affairs (d. 1929)
    • 1884 – Leon Chwistek, Polish painter, philosopher, and mathematician (d. 1944)
    • 1884 – Étienne Gilson, French philosopher and academic (d. 1978)
    • 1885 – Henry George Lamond, Australian farmer and author (d. 1969)
    • 1887 – André François-Poncet, French politician and diplomat (d. 1978)
    • 1887 – Bruno Frank, German-American author, poet, and playwright (d. 1945)
    • 1888 – Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese poet and critic (d. 1935)
    • 1892 – Basil Rathbone, South African-born British-American actor (d. 1967)
    • 1893 – Alan Arnold Griffith, English engineer (d. 1963)
    • 1893 – Dorothy L. Sayers, English author and poet (d. 1957)
    • 1894 – Leo Kanner, Ukrainian-American psychiatrist and physician (d. 1981)
    • 1894 – Jacques Henri Lartigue, French photographer and painter (d. 1986)
    • 1897 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner and coach (d. 1973)
    • 1899 – Carlos Chávez, Mexican composer, conductor, and journalist, founded the Mexican Symphonic Orchestra (d. 1978)
    • 1901 – Tage Erlander, Swedish lieutenant and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1985)
    • 1902 – Carolyn Eisele, American mathematician and historian (d. 2000)
    • 1903 – Willard Harrison Bennett, American physicist and chemist (d. 1987)
    • 1905 – James T. Rutnam, Sri Lankan historian and author (d. 1988)
    • 1906 – Bruno de Finetti, Austrian-Italian mathematician and statistician (d. 1985)
    • 1909 – E. M. S. Namboodiripad, Indian theorist and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Kerala (d. 1998)
    • 1910 – Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Spanish journalist, author, and playwright (d. 1999)
    • 1910 – Mary Wickes, American actress (d. 1995)
    • 1910 – Mary Whitehouse, English activist, founded the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association (d. 2001)
    • 1911 – Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)
    • 1911 – Maurice Copeland, American actor (d. 1985)
    • 1911 – Erwin Wilhelm Müller, German physicist and academic (d. 1977)
    • 1912 – Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau, Canadian poet and painter (d. 1943)
    • 1913 – Ralph Edwards, American radio and television host (d. 2005)
    • 1913 – Yitzhak Pundak, Israeli general, diplomat and politician (d. 2017)
    • 1914 – Frederic Franklin, English-American ballet dancer and director (d. 2013)
    • 1915 – Don Budge, American tennis player and coach (d. 2000)
    • 1916 – Wu Zhengyi, Chinese botanist and academic (d. 2013)
    • 1917 – Teddy Turner, English actor (d. 1992)
    • 1917 – Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan novelist (d. 2005)
    • 1918 – Ben Johnson, American actor and stuntman (d. 1996)
    • 1918 – Helmut Lent, German soldier and pilot (d. 1944)
    • 1918 – Percy Rodriguez, Canadian-American actor (d. 2007)
    • 1920 – Rolf Huisgen, German chemist and academic (d. 2020)
    • 1920 – Iosif Vorovich, Russian mathematician and engineer (d. 2001)
    • 1921 – Lennart Strand, Swedish runner (d. 2004)
    • 1922 – Etienne Leroux, South African author (d. 1989)
    • 1923 – Lloyd Conover, American chemist and inventor (d. 2017)
    • 1925 – Kristine Miller, American actress (d. 2015)
    • 1926 – Jérôme Lejeune, French pediatrician and geneticist (d. 1994)
    • 1926 – Paul Lynde, American actor and comedian (d. 1982)
    • 1927 – Slim Dusty, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2003)
    • 1928 – Giacomo Biffi, Italian cardinal (d. 2015)
    • 1928 – Renée Morisset, Canadian pianist (d. 2009)
    • 1928 – John Forbes Nash, Jr., American mathematician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)
    • 1929 – Ralph McQuarrie, American illustrator (d. 2012)
    • 1929 – Robert W. Scott, American farmer and politician, 67th Governor of North Carolina (d. 2009)
    • 1930 – Gotthard Graubner, German painter and educator (d. 2013)
    • 1930 – Ryszard Kukliński, Polish colonel and spy (d. 2004)
    • 1930 – Paul Veyne, French archaeologist, historian, and academic
    • 1931 – Nora Kovach, Hungarian-American ballerina (d. 2009)
    • 1931 – Reed Scowen, Canadian politician
    • 1931 – Irvin D. Yalom, American psychotherapist and academic
    • 1932 – Raymond Jolliffe, 5th Baron Hylton, English politician
    • 1932 – Bob McGrath, American singer and actor
    • 1932 – Billy Williams, American baseball player and coach (d. 2013)
    • 1933 – Tom King, Baron King of Bridgwater, English soldier and politician, Secretary of State for Defence
    • 1933 – Norman Lloyd-Edwards, Welsh lawyer and politician, Lord Lieutenant of South Glamorgan
    • 1934 – Bill Blakeley, American basketball player and coach (d. 2010)
    • 1934 – Lucjan Brychczy, Polish footballer and coach
    • 1934 – Manuel Clouthier, Mexican businessman and politician (d. 1989)
    • 1934 – James Anthony Griffin, American bishop
    • 1934 – Uriel Jones, American drummer (d. 2009)
    • 1934 – Leonard Kleinrock, American computer scientist and engineer
    • 1935 – Christo, Bulgarian-French sculptor and painter
    • 1935 – Jeanne-Claude, Moroccan sculptor and painter (d. 2009)
    • 1935 – Samak Sundaravej, Thai politician, 25th Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2009)
    • 1937 – Eleanor Holmes Norton, American lawyer and politician
    • 1937 – Erich Ribbeck, German footballer and manager
    • 1937 – Andreas Whittam Smith, English journalist and publisher, co-founded The Independent
    • 1940 – Bobby Freeman, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (d. 2017)
    • 1940 – Dallas Long, American shot putter and physician
    • 1941 – Marcel Lachemann, American baseball player, coach, and manager
    • 1941 – Serge Lemoyne, Canadian painter (d. 1998)
    • 1941 – Marv Tarplin, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2011)
    • 1942 – Yiannis Boutaris, Greek businessman and politician, Mayor of Thessaloniki
    • 1943 – Harry Collins, English sociologist, author, and academic
    • 1943 – Malcolm McDowell, English actor and producer
    • 1943 – Jim Guy Tucker, American lawyer and politician, 43rd Governor of Arkansas
    • 1944 – Christine Beasley, English nursing administrator
    • 1944 – David Curry, English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
    • 1944 – Ban Ki-moon, South Korean politician and diplomat, 8th Secretary-General of the United Nations
    • 1945 – Whitley Strieber, American author
    • 1946 – Sher Bahadur Deuba, Nepalese politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Nepal
    • 1946 – Paul L. Modrich, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
    • 1946 – Gabriel of Komana, Belgian-Dutch archbishop (d. 2013)
    • 1948 – Garnet Bailey, Canadian-American ice hockey player and scout (d. 2001)
    • 1948 – Joe Roth, American director and producer, co-founded Morgan Creek Productions
    • 1949 – Ann Druyan, American popular science writer
    • 1949 – Dennis Locorriere, American singer and musician
    • 1949 – Ulla Schmidt, German educator and politician, German Federal Minister of Health
    • 1949 – Red Symons, English-Australian musician, television, and radio personality
    • 1950 – Nick Brown, English politician, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
    • 1950 – Gerd Zewe, German footballer and manager
    • 1951 – Howard Leese, American guitarist and producer
    • 1951 – Richard Thomas, American actor, director, and producer
    • 1951 – Stellan Skarsgård, Swedish actor
    • 1952 – Jean-Marie Dedecker, Belgian martial artist and politician
    • 1953 – Tim Allen, American actor, comedian, and producer
    • 1954 – Andrzej Lepper, Polish politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland (d. 2011)
    • 1954 – Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigerian economist and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Nigeria
    • 1955 – Alan Hansen, Scottish footballer and sportscaster
    • 1955 – Leah Ward Sears, German-American lawyer and jurist
    • 1956 – Blair Chapman, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1956 – Sal Paolantonio, American lieutenant and journalist
    • 1957 – Ron Areshenkoff, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1957 – Roy Cooper, American lawyer and politician, 75th Governor of North Carolina
    • 1957 – Bruce Flowers, American basketball player
    • 1957 – Andrzej Morozowski, Polish journalist and author
    • 1957 – Dicky Thompson, American golfer
    • 1959 – Boyko Borissov, Bulgarian footballer and politician, 50th Prime Minister of Bulgaria
    • 1959 – Maurice G. Dantec, French-born Canadian science fiction writer (d. 2016)
    • 1959 – Steve Georganas, Australian politician
    • 1959 – Klaus Iohannis, Romanian educator and politician, 5th President of Romania
    • 1960 – Jacques Rougeau, Canadian wrestler
    • 1961 – Anders Järryd, Swedish tennis player
    • 1962 – Davey Hamilton, American race car driver
    • 1962 – Glenn Michibata, Canadian-American tennis player and coach
    • 1962 – Ally Sheedy, American actress and author
    • 1962 – Hannah Storm, American journalist and author
    • 1963 – Bettina Bunge, Swiss-German tennis player
    • 1963 – Sarah Connolly, English soprano and actress
    • 1963 – Audrey Niffenegger, American author and academic
    • 1964 – Christian Wilhelm Berger, Romanian organist, composer, and educator
    • 1964 – Kathy Burke, English actress, director, and playwright
    • 1964 – Piyush Goyal, Minister of Railways, Government of India, Politician
    • 1964 – Šarūnas Marčiulionis, Lithuanian basketball player
    • 1965 – Infanta Cristina Federica of Spain
    • 1965 – Vassilis Karapialis, Greek footballer
    • 1965 – Lukas Ligeti, Austrian-American drummer and composer
    • 1965 – Maninder Singh, Indian cricketer
    • 1966 – Henry Bond, English photographer and curator
    • 1966 – Grigori Perelman, Russian mathematician
    • 1966 – Naoki Hattori, Japanese race car driver
    • 1967 – Taşkın Aksoy, German-Turkish footballer and manager
    • 1968 – Fabio Baldato, Italian cyclist
    • 1968 – Peter DeBoer, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
    • 1968 – Darren Dreger, Canadian sportscaster
    • 1968 – David Gray, English-Welsh singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
    • 1968 – Tim Leveque, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1968 – Denise Pearson, English singer-songwriter
    • 1968 – Marcel Theroux, Ugandan-English journalist and author
    • 1969 – Cayetana Guillén Cuervo, Spanish actress, director, and screenwriter
    • 1969 – Virginie Despentes, French author, screenwriter, and director
    • 1969 – Laura Kightlinger, American actress, comedian, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1969 – Svetlana Krivelyova, Russian shot putter
    • 1969 – Søren Rasted, Danish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
    • 1970 – Rivers Cuomo, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1970 – Chris Cairns, New Zealand cricketer
    • 1971 – Nóra Köves, Hungarian tennis player
    • 1972 – Natalie MacMaster, Canadian fiddler
    • 1972 – Marek Jerzy Minakowski, Polish philosopher, historian, genealogist
    • 1973 – Sam Adams, American football player
    • 1973 – Tanner Foust, American race car driver and television host
    • 1973 – Mattias Hellberg, Swedish singer-songwriter
    • 1973 – Stuart Karppinen, Australian cricketer and coach
    • 1973 – Ville Laihiala, Finnish singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1974 – Valeri Bure, Russian-American ice hockey player
    • 1975 – Ante Covic, Australian footballer
    • 1975 – Jeff Davis, American screenwriter and producer
    • 1975 – Jennifer Nicole Lee, American model, actress, and author
    • 1975 – Jaan Pehk, Estonian singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1975 – Riccardo Scimeca, English footballer
    • 1976 – Kym Marsh, English singer-songwriter and actress
    • 1977 – Romain Mesnil, French pole vaulter
    • 1977 – Earthwind Moreland, American football player
    • 1978 – Ethan Embry, American actor
    • 1979 – Esther Anderson, Australian actress
    • 1979 – Nila Håkedal, Norwegian volleyball player
    • 1979 – Miguel Pate, American long jumper
    • 1979 – Ryan Pickett, American director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1980 – Florent Malouda, French footballer
    • 1980 – Diego Mendieta, Paraguayan footballer (d. 2012)
    • 1980 – Jamario Moon, American basketball player
    • 1980 – Juan Carlos Navarro, Spanish basketball player
    • 1980 – Darius Vassell, English footballer
    • 1980 – Markus Winkelhock, German racing driver
    • 1981 – Chris Evans, American actor and producer
    • 1981 – Blake Judd, American actor, director, and producer
    • 1981 – David Madden, founder and executive director of the National History Bee and the National History Bowl
    • 1981 – Radim Vrbata, Czech ice hockey player
    • 1982 – Kenenisa Bekele, Ethiopian runner
    • 1982 – Krzysztof Bosak, Polish politician
    • 1982 – Nate Jones, American football player
    • 1983 – Steve Novak, American basketball player
    • 1983 – Jason Spezza, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1983 – Rachel Taylor, Welsh rugby union player
    • 1984 – Nery Castillo, Mexican-Uruguayan footballer
    • 1984 – Kaori Icho, Japanese wrestler
    • 1984 – Antje Möldner-Schmidt, German runner
    • 1985 – Filipe Albuquerque, Portuguese racing driver
    • 1985 – Silvio Bankert, German footballer
    • 1985 – Pedro Strop, Dominican baseball player
    • 1985 – Danny Syvret, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1986 – Kat Dennings, American actress and comedian
    • 1986 – Keisuke Honda, Japanese footballer
    • 1986 – Jonathan Lucroy, American baseball catcher
    • 1986 – Ashley Olsen, American child actress, fashion designer, and businesswoman
    • 1986 – Mary-Kate Olsen, American child actress, fashion designer, and businesswoman
    • 1986 – DJ Snake, French DJ and record producer
    • 1986 – Lea Verou, Greek computer scientist and author
    • 1986 – Måns Zelmerlöw, Swedish singer
    • 1987 – Marko Grgić, Croatian footballer
    • 1988 – Gabe Carimi, American football player
    • 1988 – Reece Noi, British actor
    • 1988 – Cody Walker, American actor
    • 1989 – Ben Barba, Australian rugby league player
    • 1989 – James Calado, English racing driver
    • 1989 – Ryan McDonagh, American ice hockey defenseman
    • 1989 – Daniel Mortimer, Australian rugby league player
    • 1989 – Andreas Samaris, Greek footballer
    • 1989 – Tommy Searle, English motocross racer
    • 1989 – Hassan Whiteside, American basketball player
    • 1989 – Erica Wiebe, Canadian wrestler
    • 1990 – James McCann, American baseball player
    • 1990 – Nicole Riner, Swiss tennis player
    • 1990 – Aaron Taylor-Johnson, English actor
    • 1991 – Will Claye, American jumper
    • 1991 – Ryan Mason, English footballer
    • 1992 – Semi Radradra, Fijian rugby league player
    • 1993 – Simona Senoner, Italian ski jumper (d. 2011)
    • 1993 – Denis Ten, Kazakhstani figure skater (d. 2018)
    • 1994 – Deepika Kumari, Indian archer
    • 1995 – Emily Fanning, New Zealand tennis player
    • 1995 – Laura Ucrós, Colombian tennis player
    • 2000 – Penny Oleksiak, Canadian swimmer

    Deaths on June 13

    • 220 – Xiahou Dun, Chinese general
    • 976 – Mansur I, Samanid emir
    • 995 – Fujiwara no Michikane, Japanese nobleman (b. 961)
    • 1036 – Ali az-Zahir, Fatimid caliph (b. 1005)
    • 1231 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese priest and saint (b. 1195)
    • 1256 – Tankei, Japanese sculptor (b. 1173)
    • 1348 – Juan Manuel, Spanish prince (b. 1282)
    • 1432 – Uko Fockena, Frisian chieftain (b. c. 1408)
    • 1550 – Veronica Gambara, Italian poet (b. 1485)
    • 1636 – George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly, Scottish politician (b. 1562)
    • 1645 – Miyamoto Musashi, Japanese samurai (b. 1584)
    • 1661 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, English politician (b. 1595)
    • 1665 – Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer, Dutch admiral (b. 1604)
    • 1784 – Henry Middleton, American farmer and politician, 2nd President of the Continental Congress (b. 1717)
    • 1846 – Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès, French geographer and author (b. 1767)
    • 1861 – Henry Gray, English anatomist and surgeon (b. 1827)
    • 1881 – Joseph Škoda, Czech physician and dermatologist (b. 1805)
    • 1886 – Ludwig II, king of Bavaria (b. 1845)
    • 1894 – John Cox Bray, Australian politician, 15th Premier of South Australia (b. 1842)
    • 1898 – Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, Canadian lawyer and politician, 5th Premier of Quebec (b. 1840)
    • 1904 – Nikiforos Lytras, Greek painter and educator (b. 1832)
    • 1917 – Louis-Philippe Hébert, Canadian sculptor (b. 1850)
    • 1918 – Michael Alexandrovich, Russian Grand Duke (b. 1878)
    • 1930 – Henry Segrave, American-English racing driver (b. 1896)
    • 1931 – Kitasato Shibasaburō, Japanese physician and bacteriologist (b. 1851)
    • 1939 – Arthur Coningham, Australian cricketer (b. 1863)
    • 1943 – Kočo Racin, Macedonian author and activist (b. 1908)
    • 1948 – Osamu Dazai, Japanese author (b. 1909)
    • 1951 – Ben Chifley, Australian engineer and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)
    • 1957 – Irving Baxter, American high jumper and pole vaulter (b. 1876)
    • 1958 – Edwin Keppel Bennett, English poet and academic (b. 1887
    • 1965 – Martin Buber, Austrian-Israeli philosopher and theologian (b. 1878)
    • 1965 – David Drummond, Australian farmer and politician (b. 1890)
    • 1969 – Pralhad Keshav Atre, Indian journalist, director, and producer (b. 1898)
    • 1972 – Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
    • 1972 – Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-German spy (b. 1891)
    • 1979 – Demetrio Stratos, Egyptian-Italian singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1945)
    • 1980 – Walter Rodney, Guyanese historian and activist (b. 1942)
    • 1981 – Olivério Pinto, Brazilian zoologist and physician (b. 1896)
    • 1984 – António Variações, Portuguese singer-songwriter (b. 1944)
    • 1986 – Benny Goodman, American clarinet player, songwriter, and bandleader (b. 1909)
    • 1987 – Geraldine Page, American actress (b. 1924)
    • 1989 – Fran Allison, American television personality and puppeteer (b. 1907)
    • 1993 – Gérard Côté, Canadian runner (b. 1913)
    • 1993 – Deke Slayton, American soldier, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1924)
    • 1994 – Nadia Gray, Romanian-French actress (b. 1923)
    • 1997 – Nguyen Manh Tuong, Vietnamese lawyer and academic (b. 1909)
    • 1998 – Alfred Gerrard, English sculptor and academic (b. 1899)
    • 1998 – Birger Ruud, Norwegian ski jumper (b. 1911)
    • 1998 – Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (b. 1917)
    • 2002 – John Hope, American navigator and meteorologist (b. 1919)
    • 2002 – Maia Wojciechowska, Polish-American author (b. 1927)
    • 2003 – Malik Meraj Khalid, Pakistani lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1916)
    • 2004 – Ralph Wiley, American journalist and author (b. 1952)
    • 2005 – Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese academic and politician (b. 1913)
    • 2005 – David Diamond, American pianist and composer (b. 1915)
    • 2006 – Charles Haughey, Irish lawyer and politician, 7th Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1925)
    • 2007 – Walid Eido, Lebanese judge and politician (b. 1942)
    • 2008 – Tim Russert, American journalist and lawyer (b. 1950)
    • 2009 – Fathi Yakan, Lebanese scholar and politician (b. 1933)
    • 2010 – Jimmy Dean, American singer and businessman, founded Jimmy Dean Foods (b. 1928)
    • 2012 – Sam Beddingfield, American pilot and engineer (b. 1933)
    • 2012 – Graeme Bell, Australian pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1914)
    • 2012 – Roger Garaudy, French philosopher and author (b. 1913)
    • 2012 – Jože Humer, Slovenian composer and translator (b. 1934)
    • 2012 – Mehdi Hassan, Pakistani ghazal singer and playback singer for Lollywood (b. 1927)
    • 2013 – David Deutsch, American businessman, founded Deutsch Inc. (b. 1929)
    • 2013 – Sam Most, American flute player and saxophonist (b. 1930)
    • 2013 – Albert White Hat, American educator and activist (b. 1938)
    • 2014 – Mahdi Elmandjra, Moroccan economist and sociologist (b. 1933)
    • 2014 – Gyula Grosics, Hungarian footballer and manager (b. 1926)
    • 2014 – Jim Keays, Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1946)
    • 2014 – Chuck Noll, American football player and coach (b. 1932)
    • 2014 – Robert Peters, American poet, playwright, and critic (b. 1924)
    • 2015 – Buddy Boudreaux, American saxophonist and clarinet player (b. 1917)
    • 2015 – Sergio Renán, Argentinian actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1933)
    • 2015 – Mike Shrimpton, New Zealand cricketer and coach (b. 1940)

    Holidays and observances on June 13

    • Christian feast day:
      • Anthony of Padua, Doctor of the Church
      • Aquilina
      • Cetteus (Peregrinus)
      • Felicula
      • G. K. Chesterton (Episcopal Church (USA))
      • Gerard of Clairvaux
      • Psalmodius
      • Ragnebert (Rambert)
      • Blessed Thomas Woodhouse
      • Triphyllius
      • June 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Inventors’ Day (Hungary)
    • Suleimaniah City Fallen and Martyrs Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)

  • March 6- History, Events, Births, Deaths, Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • 12 BCE – The Roman Emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor.
    • 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada’) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
    • 845 – Execution of the 42 Martyrs of Amorium at Samarra.
    • 961 – Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete.
    • 1204 – The Siege of Château Gaillard ends in a French victory over King John of England, who loses control of Normandy to King Philip II Augustus.
    • 1323 – Treaty of Paris of 1323 is signed.
    • 1454 – Thirteen Years’ War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation’s struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights.
    • 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Guam.
    • 1665 – The first joint Secretary of the Royal Society, Henry Oldenburg, publishes the first issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the world’s longest-running scientific journal.
    • 1788 – The First Fleet arrives at Norfolk Island in order to found a convict settlement.
    • 1820 – The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, brings Maine into the Union as a free state, and makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free.
    • 1834 – York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto.
    • 1836 – Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo: After a thirteen-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 187 Texas volunteers, including frontiersman Davy Crockett and colonel Jim Bowie, defending the Alamo are killed and the fort is captured.
    • 1857 – The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case.
    • 1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.
    • 1882 – The Serbian kingdom is re-founded.
    • 1899 – Bayer registers “Aspirin” as a trademark.
    • 1902 – Real Madrid CF is founded.
    • 1912 – Italo-Turkish War: Italian forces become the first to use airships in war, as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.
    • 1921 – Portuguese Communist Party is founded as the Portuguese Section of the Communist International.
    • 1930 – International Unemployment Day demonstrations globally initiated by the Comintern.
    • 1933 – Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a “bank holiday”, closing all U.S. banks and freezing all financial transactions.
    • 1943 – Norman Rockwell published Freedom from Want in The Saturday Evening Post with a matching essay by Carlos Bulosan as part of the Four Freedoms series.
    • 1943 – World War II: The Battle of Fardykambos, one of the first major battles between the Greek Resistance and the occupying Royal Italian Army, ends with the surrender of an entire Italian battalion, the bulk of the garrison of the town of Grevena, leading to its liberation a fortnight later.
    • 1944 – World War II: Soviet Air Forces bomb an evacuated town of Narva in German-occupied Estonia, destroying the entire historical Swedish-era town.
    • 1945 – World War II: Cologne is captured by American troops. On the same day, Operation Spring Awakening, the last major German offensive of the war, begins.
    • 1946 – Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union.
    • 1951 – Cold War: The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins.
    • 1953 – Georgy Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier of the Soviet Union and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
    • 1957 – Ghana becomes the first Sub-Saharan country to gain independence from the British.
    • 1964 – Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad officially gives boxing champion Cassius Clay the name Muhammad Ali.
    • 1964 – Constantine II becomes King of Greece.
    • 1965 – Premier Tom Playford of South Australia loses power after 27 years in office.
    • 1967 – Cold War: Joseph Stalin’s daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva defects to the United States.
    • 1968 – Three rebels are executed by Rhodesia, the first executions since UDI, prompting international condemnation.
    • 1970 – An explosion at the Weather Underground safe house in Greenwich Village kills three.
    • 1975 – For the first time the Zapruder film of the assassination of John F. Kennedy is shown in motion to a national TV audience by Robert J. Groden and Dick Gregory.
    • 1975 – Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement of their border dispute.
    • 1983 – The first United States Football League games are played.
    • 1984 – In the United Kingdom, a walkout at Cortonwood Colliery in Brampton Bierlow signals the start of a strike that lasted almost a year and involved the majority of the country’s miners.
    • 1987 – The British ferry MS Herald of Free Enterprise capsizes in about 90 seconds, killing 193.
    • 1988 – Three Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteers are shot dead by the SAS in Gibraltar in Operation Flavius.
    • 1992 – The Michelangelo computer virus begins to affect computers.
    • 2003 – Air Algérie Flight 6289 crashes at the Aguenar – Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport in Tamanrasset, Algeria, killing 102 out of the 103 people on board.
    • 2008 – A suicide bomber kills 68 people (including first responders) in Baghdad on the same day that a gunman kills eight students in Jerusalem.

    Births on March 6

    • 1340 – John of Gaunt (d. 1399)
    • 1405 – John II of Castile (d. 1454)
    • 1459 – Jakob Fugger, German merchant and banker (d. 1525)
    • 1475 – Michelangelo, Italian painter and sculptor (d. 1564)
    • 1483 – Francesco Guicciardini, Italian historian and politician (d. 1540)
    • 1493 – Juan Luis Vives, Spanish scholar and humanist (d. 1540)
    • 1495 – Luigi Alamanni, Italian poet and diplomat (d. 1556)
    • 1536 – Santi di Tito, Italian painter (d. 1603)
    • 1619 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French author and playwright (d. 1655)
    • 1663 – Francis Atterbury, English bishop and poet (d. 1732)
    • 1706 – George Pocock, English admiral (d. 1792)
    • 1716 – Pehr Kalm, Swedish-Finnish botanist and explorer (d. 1779)
    • 1724 – Henry Laurens, English-American merchant and politician, 5th President of the Continental Congress (d. 1792)
    • 1761 – Antoine-François Andréossy, French general and diplomat (d. 1828)
    • 1779 – Antoine-Henri Jomini, Swiss-French general (d. 1869)
    • 1780 – Lucy Barnes, American writer (d. 1809)
    • 1785 – Karol Kurpiński, Polish composer and conductor (d. 1857)
    • 1787 – Joseph von Fraunhofer, German physicist and astronomer (d. 1826)
    • 1806 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English-Italian poet and translator (d. 1861)
    • 1812 – Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American businessman, co-founded the Waltham Watch Company (d. 1895)
    • 1817 – Princess Clémentine of Orléans (d. 1907)
    • 1818 – William Claflin, American businessman and politician, 27th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1905)
    • 1823 – Charles I of Württemberg (d. 1891)
    • 1831 – Philip Sheridan, Irish-American general (d. 1888)
    • 1834 – George du Maurier, French-English author and illustrator (d. 1896)
    • 1841 – Viktor Burenin, Russian author, poet, playwright, and critic (d. 1926)
    • 1849 – Georg Luger, Austrian gun designer, designed the Luger pistol (d. 1923)
    • 1864 – Richard Rushall, British businessman (d. 1953)
    • 1870 – Oscar Straus, Viennese composer and conductor (d. 1954)
    • 1871 – Afonso Costa, Portuguese lawyer and politician, 59th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1937)
    • 1872 – Ben Harney, American pianist and composer (d. 1938)
    • 1879 – Jimmy Hunter, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1962)
    • 1882 – F. Burrall Hoffman, American architect, co-designed Villa Vizcaya (d. 1980)
    • 1882 – Guy Kibbee, American actor and singer (d. 1956)
    • 1884 – Molla Mallory, Norwegian-American tennis player (d. 1959)
    • 1885 – Ring Lardner, American journalist and author (d. 1933)
    • 1886 – Jam Handy, American swimmer and water polo player (d. 1983)
    • 1886 – Nella Walker, American actress and vaudevillian (d. 1971)
    • 1892 – Bert Smith, English international footballer, right half (d. 1969)
    • 1893 – Furry Lewis, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1981)
    • 1893 – Ella P. Stewart, pioneering Black American pharmacist (d. 1987)
    • 1895 – Albert Tessier, Canadian priest and historian (d. 1976)
    • 1898 – Gus Sonnenberg, American football player and wrestler (d. 1944)
    • 1900 – Gina Cigna, French-Italian soprano and actress (d. 2001)
    • 1900 – Lefty Grove, American baseball player (d. 1975)
    • 1900 – Henri Jeanson, French journalist and author (d. 1970)
    • 1903 – Empress Kōjun of Japan (d. 2000)
    • 1904 – José Antonio Aguirre, Spanish lawyer and politician, 1st President of the Basque Country (d. 1960)
    • 1905 – Bob Wills, American Western swing musician, songwriter, and bandleader (d. 1975)
    • 1906 – Lou Costello, American actor and comedian (d. 1959)
    • 1909 – Obafemi Awolowo, Nigerian lawyer and politician (d. 1987)
    • 1909 – Stanisław Jerzy Lec, Polish poet and author (d. 1966)
    • 1910 – Ella Logan, Scottish-American singer and actress (d. 1969)
    • 1912 – Mohammed Burhanuddin, Indian spiritual leader, 52nd Da’i al-Mutlaq (d. 2014)
    • 1917 – Donald Davidson, American philosopher and academic (d. 2003)
    • 1917 – Will Eisner, American illustrator and publisher (d. 2005)
    • 1917 – Frankie Howerd, English comedian (d. 1992)
    • 1918 – Howard McGhee, American trumpeter (d. 1987)
    • 1920 – Lewis Gilbert, English director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2018)
    • 1921 – Leo Bretholz, Austrian-American holocaust survivor and author (d. 2014)
    • 1923 – Ed McMahon, American comedian, game show host, and announcer (d. 2009)
    • 1923 – Wes Montgomery, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 1968)
    • 1924 – Ottmar Walter, German footballer (d. 2013)
    • 1924 – William H. Webster, American lawyer and jurist, 14th Director of Central Intelligence
    • 1926 – Ann Curtis, American swimmer (d. 2012)
    • 1926 – Alan Greenspan, American economist and politician
    • 1926 – Ray O’Connor, Australian politician, 22nd Premier of Western Australia (d. 2013)
    • 1926 – Andrzej Wajda, Polish director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2016)
    • 1927 – William J. Bell, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2005)
    • 1927 – Gordon Cooper, American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2004)
    • 1927 – Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian journalist and author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)
    • 1929 – Tom Foley, American lawyer and politician, 57th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 2013)
    • 1929 – David Sheppard, English cricketer and bishop (d. 2005)
    • 1930 – Lorin Maazel, French-American violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 2014)
    • 1932 – Marc Bazin, Haitian lawyer and politician, 49th President of Haiti (d. 2010)
    • 1932 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish historian and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2008)
    • 1933 – Ted Abernathy, American baseball player (d. 2004)
    • 1933 – William Davis, German-English journalist and economist (d. 2019)
    • 1933 – Augusto Odone, Italian economist and inventor of Lorenzo’s oil (d. 2013)
    • 1934 – Red Simpson, American singer-songwriter (d. 2016)
    • 1935 – Ron Delany, Irish runner and coach
    • 1935 – Derek Kevan, English footballer (d. 2013)
    • 1936 – Bob Akin, American race car driver and journalist (d. 2002)
    • 1936 – Marion Barry, American lawyer and politician, 2nd Mayor of the District of Columbia (d. 2014)
    • 1936 – Choummaly Sayasone, Laotian politician, 5th President of Laos
    • 1937 – Ivan Boesky, American businessman
    • 1937 – Valentina Tereshkova, Russian general, pilot, and astronaut
    • 1938 – Keishu Tanaka, Japanese politician, 17th Japanese Minister of Justice
    • 1939 – Kit Bond, American lawyer and politician, 47th Governor of Missouri
    • 1939 – Adam Osborne, Thai-Indian engineer and businessman, founded the Osborne Computer Corporation (d. 2003)
    • 1940 – Ken Danby, Canadian painter (d. 2007)
    • 1940 – Joanna Miles, French-born American actress
    • 1940 – R. H. Sikes, American golfer
    • 1940 – Willie Stargell, American baseball player and coach (d. 2001)
    • 1940 – Jeff Wooller, English accountant and banker
    • 1941 – Peter Brötzmann, German saxophonist and clarinet player
    • 1941 – Marilyn Strathern, Welsh anthropologist and academic
    • 1942 – Ben Murphy, American actor
    • 1944 – Richard Corliss, American journalist and critic (d. 2015)
    • 1944 – Kiri Te Kanawa, New Zealand soprano and actress
    • 1944 – Mary Wilson, American singer
    • 1945 – Angelo Castro, Jr., Filipino actor and journalist (d. 2012)
    • 1946 – David Gilmour, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1946 – Richard Noble, Scottish race car driver and businessman
    • 1947 – Kiki Dee, English singer-songwriter
    • 1947 – Dick Fosbury, American high jumper
    • 1947 – Anna Maria Horsford, American actress
    • 1947 – Rob Reiner, American actor, director, producer, and activist
    • 1947 – Jean Seaton, English historian and academic
    • 1947 – John Stossel, American journalist and author
    • 1948 – Stephen Schwartz, American composer and producer
    • 1949 – Shaukat Aziz, Pakistani economist and politician, 15th Prime Minister of Pakistan
    • 1949 – Martin Buchan, Scottish footballer and manager
    • 1950 – Arthur Roche, English archbishop
    • 1951 – Gerrie Knetemann, Dutch cyclist (d. 2004)
    • 1952 – Denis Napthine, Australian politician, 47th Premier of Victoria
    • 1953 – Madhav Kumar Nepal, Nepali banker and politician, 34th Prime Minister of Nepal
    • 1953 – Carolyn Porco, American astronomer and academic
    • 1953 – Phil Alvin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1954 – Jeff Greenwald, American author, photographer, and monologist
    • 1954 – Harald Schumacher, German footballer and manager
    • 1955 – Cyprien Ntaryamira, Burundian politician, 5th President of Burundi (d. 1994)
    • 1955 – Alberta Watson, Canadian actress (d. 2015)
    • 1956 – Peter Roebuck, English cricketer, journalist, and sportcaster (d. 2011)
    • 1956 – Steve Vizard, Australian television host, actor, and producer
    • 1960 – Sleepy Floyd, American basketball player and coach
    • 1962 – Alison Nicholas, British golfer
    • 1963 – D. L. Hughley, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1964 – Linda Pearson, Scottish sport shooter
    • 1965 – Allan Bateman, Welsh rugby player
    • 1965 – Jim Knight, English politician
    • 1966 – Alan Davies, English comedian, actor and screenwriter
    • 1967 – Julio Bocca, Argentinian ballet dancer and director
    • 1967 – Connie Britton, American actress
    • 1967 – Glenn Greenwald, American journalist and author
    • 1967 – Shuler Hensley, American actor and singer
    • 1968 – Moira Kelly, American actress and director
    • 1971 – Darrick Martin, American basketball player and coach
    • 1972 – Shaquille O’Neal, American basketball player, actor, and rapper
    • 1972 – Jaret Reddick, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
    • 1973 – Michael Finley, American basketball player
    • 1973 – Peter Lindgren, Swedish guitarist and songwriter
    • 1973 – Greg Ostertag, American basketball player
    • 1973 – Trent Willmon, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1974 – Guy Garvey, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1974 – Matthew Guy, Australian politician
    • 1974 – Brad Schumacher, American swimmer
    • 1974 – Beanie Sigel, American rapper
    • 1975 – Aracely Arámbula, Mexican actress and singer
    • 1975 – Yannick Nézet-Séguin, Canadian pianist and conductor
    • 1976 – Ken Anderson, American wrestler and actor
    • 1977 – Nantie Hayward, South African cricketer
    • 1977 – Giorgos Karagounis, Greek international footballer, midfielder
    • 1977 – Shabani Nonda, DR Congolese footballer
    • 1977 – Marcus Thames, American baseball player and coach
    • 1978 – Sage Rosenfels, American football player
    • 1978 – Chad Wicks, American wrestler
    • 1979 – Clint Barmes, American baseball player
    • 1979 – Érik Bédard, Canadian baseball player
    • 1979 – David Flair, American wrestler
    • 1979 – Tim Howard, American soccer player
    • 1980 – Emílson Cribari, Brazilian footballer
    • 1981 – Ellen Muth, American actress
    • 1983 – Andranik Teymourian, Armenian-Iranian footballer
    • 1984 – Daniël de Ridder, Dutch footballer
    • 1984 – Eskil Pedersen, Norwegian politician
    • 1984 – Chris Tomson, American drummer
    • 1985 – Bakaye Traoré, French-Malian footballer
    • 1986 – Jake Arrieta, American baseball player
    • 1986 – Francisco Cervelli, Venezuelan-Italian baseball player
    • 1986 – Ross Detwiler, American baseball player
    • 1986 – Eli Marienthal, American actor
    • 1986 – Charlie Mulgrew, Scottish footballer
    • 1987 – Kevin-Prince Boateng, Ghanaian-German footballer
    • 1987 – José Manuel Flores, Spanish footballer
    • 1988 – Agnes Carlsson, Swedish singer
    • 1988 – Marina Erakovic, New Zealand tennis player
    • 1988 – Simon Mignolet, Belgian footballer
    • 1989 – Agnieszka Radwańska, Polish tennis player
    • 1990 – Derek Drouin, Canadian athlete
    • 1991 – Lex Luger, American keyboard player and producer
    • 1991 – Emma McDougall, English footballer (d. 2013)
    • 1991 – Tyler Gregory Okonma, American rapper
    • 1993 – Andrés Rentería, Colombian footballer
    • 1994 – Nathan Redmond, English footballer
    • 1994 – Marcus Smart, American basketball player
    • 1994 – Wesley Hoedt, Dutch footballer
    • 1995 – Georgi Kitanov, Bulgarian footballer
    • 1996 – Christian Coleman, American sprinter
    • 1996 – Tyrell Fuimaono, Australian rugby player
    • 1996 – Timo Werner, German footballer

    Deaths on March 6

    • 190 – Liu Bian (poisoned by Dong Zhuo) (b. 176)
    • 653 – Li Ke, prince of the Tang Dynasty (b. 619)
    • 766 – Chrodegang, Frankish bishop and saint
    • 903 – Lu Guangqi, Chinese official and chancellor
    • 903 – Su Jian, Chinese official and chancellor
    • 1070 – Ulric I, Margrave of Carniola
    • 1251 – Rose of Viterbo, Italian saint (b. 1235)
    • 1353 – Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn
    • 1466 – Alvise Loredan, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1393)
    • 1490 – Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (b. 1458)
    • 1491 – Richard Woodville, 3rd Earl Rivers
    • 1531 – Pedro Arias Dávila, Spanish explorer and diplomat (b. 1440)
    • 1616 – Francis Beaumont, English playwright (b. 1584)
    • 1754 – Henry Pelham, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1694)
    • 1758 – Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Durham (b. 1705)
    • 1764 – Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, English lawyer and politician, Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom (b. 1690)
    • 1796 – Guillaume Thomas François Raynal, French historian and author (b. 1713)
    • 1836 – Deaths at the Battle of the Alamo:
      • James Bonham, American lawyer and soldier (b. 1807)
      • James Bowie, American colonel (b. 1796)
      • Davy Crockett, American soldier and politician (b. 1786)
      • William B. Travis, American lieutenant colonel and lawyer (b. 1809)
    • 1854 – Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, Irish colonel and diplomat, Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies (b. 1778)
    • 1866 – William Whewell, English priest, historian, and philosopher (b. 1794)
    • 1867 – Charles Farrar Browne, American-English author and educator (b. 1834)
    • 1888 – Louisa May Alcott, American novelist and poet (b. 1832)
    • 1895 – Camilla Collett, Norwegian novelist and activist (b. 1813)
    • 1899 – Kaʻiulani of Hawaii (b. 1875)
    • 1900 – Gottlieb Daimler, German engineer and businessman, co-founded Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (b. 1834)
    • 1905 – John Henninger Reagan, American surveyor, judge, and politician, 3rd Confederate States of America Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1818)
    • 1905 – Makar Yekmalyan, Armenian composer (b. 1856)
    • 1919 – Oskars Kalpaks, Latvian colonel (b. 1882)
    • 1920 – Ömer Seyfettin, Turkish author and educator (b. 1884)
    • 1932 – John Philip Sousa, American conductor and composer (b. 1854)
    • 1933 – Anton Cermak, Czech-American lawyer and politician, 44th Mayor of Chicago (b. 1873)
    • 1935 – Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., American colonel, lawyer, and jurist (b. 1841)
    • 1939 – Ferdinand von Lindemann, German mathematician and academic (b. 1852)
    • 1941 – Francis Aveling, Canadian priest, psychologist, and author (b. 1875)
    • 1941 – Gutzon Borglum, American sculptor and academic, designed Mount Rushmore (b. 1867)
    • 1948 – Ross Lockridge, Jr., American author, poet, and academic (b. 1914)
    • 1948 – Alice Woodby McKane, First Black woman doctor in Savannah, Georgia (b. 1865)
    • 1950 – Albert François Lebrun, French engineer and politician, 15th President of France (b. 1871)
    • 1951 – Ivor Novello, Welsh singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1893)
    • 1951 – Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Ukrainian playwright and politician, Prime Minister of Ukraine (b. 1880)
    • 1952 – Jürgen Stroop, German general (b. 1895)
    • 1955 – Mammad Amin Rasulzade, Azerbaijani scholar and politician (b. 1884)
    • 1961 – George Formby, English singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1904)
    • 1964 – Paul of Greece (b. 1901)
    • 1965 – Margaret Dumont, American actress (b. 1889)
    • 1967 – John Haden Badley, English author and educator, founded the Bedales School (b. 1865)
    • 1967 – Nelson Eddy, American actor and singer (b. 1901)
    • 1967 – Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer, linguist, and philosopher (b. 1882)
    • 1970 – William Hopper, American actor (b. 1915)
    • 1973 – Pearl S. Buck, American novelist, essayist, short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
    • 1974 – Ernest Becker, American anthropologist and author (b. 1924)
    • 1976 – Maxie Rosenbloom, American boxer (b. 1903)
    • 1977 – Alvin R. Dyer, American religious leader (b. 1903)
    • 1978 – Dennis Viollet, English-American soccer player and manager (b. 1933)
    • 1981 – George Geary, English cricketer and coach (b. 1893)
    • 1981 – Rambhau Mhalgi, Indian politician and member of the Lok Sabha (b. 9 July 1921)
    • 1982 – Ayn Rand, Russian-American philosopher, author, and playwright (b. 1905)
    • 1984 – Billy Collins, Jr., American boxer (b. 1961)
    • 1984 – Martin Niemöller, German pastor and theologian (b. 1892)
    • 1984 – Homer N. Wallin, American admiral (b. 1893)
    • 1984 – Henry Wilcoxon, Dominican-American actor and producer (b. 1905)
    • 1986 – Georgia O’Keeffe, American painter (b. 1887)
    • 1988 – Mairéad Farrell, Provisional IRA volunteer (b. 1957)
    • 1988 – Daniel McCann, Provisional IRA volunteer (b. 1957)
    • 1988 – Seán Savage, Provisional IRA volunteer (b. 1965)
    • 1994 – Melina Mercouri, Greek actress and politician, 9th Greek Minister of Culture (b. 1920)
    • 1997 – Cheddi Jagan, Guyanese politician, 4th President of Guyana (b. 1918)
    • 1997 – Michael Manley, Jamaican soldier, pilot, and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1924)
    • 1997 – Ursula Torday, English author (b. 1912)
    • 1999 – Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Bahrain king (b. 1933)
    • 2000 – John Colicos, Canadian actor (b. 1928)
    • 2002 – Bryan Fogarty, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1969)
    • 2004 – Hercules, American wrestler (b. 1957)
    • 2004 – Frances Dee, American actress (b. 1909)
    • 2005 – Hans Bethe, German-American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
    • 2005 – Danny Gardella, American baseball player and trainer (b. 1920)
    • 2005 – Tommy Vance, English radio host (b. 1943)
    • 2005 – Teresa Wright, American actress (b. 1918)
    • 2005 – Gladys Marín, Chilean activist and political figure. (b.1938)
    • 2006 – Anne Braden, American journalist and activist (b. 1924)
    • 2006 – Kirby Puckett, American baseball player and sportscaster (b. 1960)
    • 2007 – Jean Baudrillard, French photographer and theorist (b. 1929)
    • 2007 – Ernest Gallo, American businessman, co-founded E & J Gallo Winery (b. 1909)
    • 2008 – Peter Poreku Dery, Ghanaian cardinal (b. 1918)
    • 2009 – Francis Magalona, Filipino rapper, producer, and actor (b. 1964)
    • 2010 – Endurance Idahor, Nigerian footballer (b. 1984)
    • 2010 – Mark Linkous, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1962)
    • 2010 – Betty Millard, American philanthropist and activist (b. 1911)
    • 2012 – Francisco Xavier do Amaral, East Timorese politician, 1st President of East Timor (b. 1937)
    • 2012 – Donald M. Payne, American businessman and politician (b. 1934)
    • 2012 – Helen Walulik, American baseball player (b. 1929)
    • 2013 – Chorão, Brazilian singer-songwriter (Charlie Brown Jr.) (b. 1970)
    • 2013 – Stompin’ Tom Connors, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1936)
    • 2013 – Alvin Lee, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)
    • 2013 – W. Wallace Cleland, American biochemist and academic (b. 1930)
    • 2014 – Alemayehu Atomsa, Ethiopian educator and politician (b. 1969)
    • 2014 – Frank Jobe, American soldier and surgeon (b. 1925)
    • 2014 – Sheila MacRae, English-American actress, singer, and dancer (b. 1921)
    • 2014 – Martin Nesbitt, American lawyer and politician (b. 1946)
    • 2014 – Manlio Sgalambro, Italian philosopher, author, and poet (b. 1924)
    • 2015 – Fred Craddock, American minister and academic (b. 1928)
    • 2015 – Ram Sundar Das, Indian lawyer and politician, 18th Chief Minister of Bihar (b. 1921)
    • 2015 – Enrique “Coco” Vicéns, Puerto Rican-American basketball player and politician (b. 1926)
    • 2016 – Nancy Reagan, American actress, 42nd First Lady of the United States (b. 1921)
    • 2016 – Sheila Varian, American horse trainer and breeder (b. 1937)
    • 2017 – Robert Osborne, American actor and historian (b. 1932)
    • 2018 – Peter Nicholls, Australian science fiction critic and encyclopedist (b. 1939)

    Holidays and observances on March 6

    • Christian feast day:
      • Chrodegang
      • Colette
      • Fridolin
      • Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba
      • Marcian of Tortona
      • William W. Mayo and Charles Frederick Menninger (Episcopal Church (USA))
      • Olegarius
      • March 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • European Day of the Righteous, commemorates those who have stood up against crimes against humanity and totalitarism with their own moral responsibility. (Europe)
    • Foundation Day (Norfolk Island), the founding of Norfolk Island in 1788.
    • Independence Day (Ghana), celebrates the independence of Ghana from the UK in 1957.
    • The Day of the Dude, celebrated by the adherents of Dudeism

  • January 1 – History, Events, Births, Deaths, Holidays and Observances On This Day

    During the Middle Ages under the influence of the Catholic Church, many countries in western Europe decided to move the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals – December 25 (the Nativity of Jesus), March 1, March 25 (the Annunciation), or even Easter. The Byzantine Empire began its numbered year on September 1.

    In England, January 1 was celebrated as the New Year festival, but from the 12th century to 1752 the year in England began on March 25 (Lady Day). So, for example, the Parliamentary record notes the execution of Charles I as occurring on January 30, 1648, (as the year did not end until March 24), although modern histories adjust the start of the year to January 1 and record the execution as occurring in 1649.

    Most western European countries changed the start of the year to January 1 before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. For example, Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to January 1 in 1600. England, Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to January 1 in 1752. Later that year in September, the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies. These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750.

    January 1 became the official start of the year as follows:

    Julian calendar:

    • 1544 Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
    • 1556 Spain, Portugal
    • 1559 Prussia, Sweden
    • 1564 France
    • 1576 Southern Netherlands
    • 1579 Duchy of Lorraine
    • 1583 Northern Netherlands
    • 1600 Scotland
    • 1700 Russia
    • 1752 Great Britain (excluding Scotland) and its colonies
    • 1804 Serbia

    Gregorian calendar:

    • 1750 Tuscany
    • 1797 Republic of Venice
    • 1918 Ottoman Empire
    • 1941 Thailand

    Events on January 1

    Pre-Julian Roman calendar

    • 153 BC – For the first time, Roman consuls begin their year in office on January 1.

    Early Julian calendar (before Augustus’ leap year correction)

    • 45 BC – The Julian calendar takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Empire, establishing January 1 as the new date of the new year.
    • 42 BC – The Roman Senate posthumously deifies Julius Caesar.

    Julian calendar

    • 193 – The Senate chooses Pertinax against his will to succeed Commodus as Roman emper]or.
    • 404 – Saint Telemachus tries to stop a gladiatorial fight in a Roman amphitheatre, and is stoned to death by the crowd. This act impresses the Christian Emperor Honorius, who issues a historic ban on gladiatorial fights.
    • 417 – Emperor Honorius forces Galla Placidia into marriage to Constantius, his famous general (magister militum) (probable).
    • 1001 – Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Sylvester II (probable).
    • 1068 – Romanos IV Diogenes marries Eudokia Makrembolitissa and is crowned Byzantine Emperor.
    • 1259 – Michael VIII Palaiologos is proclaimed co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea with his ward John IV Laskaris.
    • 1438 – Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary.
    • 1502 – The present-day location of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is first explored by the Portuguese.
    • 1515 – Twenty-year-old Francis, Duke of Brittany, succeeds to the French throne following the death of his father-in-law, Louis XII.
    • 1527 – Croatian nobles elect Ferdinand I of Austria as King of Croatia in the Parliament on Cetin.
    • 1583 to 1700 – see January 11
    • 1600 – Scotland recognises January 1 as the start of the year, instead of March 25.
    • 1651 – Charles II is crowned King of Scotland.
    • 1700 – Russia begins using the Anno Domini era instead of the Anno Mundi era of the Byzantine Empire.
    • 1701 to 1800 – see January 12
    • 1801 to 1900 – see January 13
    • 1901 to 2100 – see January 14

    Gregorian calendar

    • 1707 – John V is proclaimed King of Portugal and the Algarves in Lisbon.
    • 1739 – Bouvet Island, the world’s remotest island is discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier.
    • 1772 – The first traveler’s cheques, which could be used in 90 European cities, were issued by the London Credit Exchange Company.
    • 1773 – The hymn that became known as “Amazing Grace”, then titled “1 Chronicles 17:16–17” is first used to accompany a sermon led by John Newton in the town of Olney, Buckinghamshire, England.
    • 1776 – American Revolutionary War: Norfolk, Virginia is burned by combined Royal Navy and Continental Army action.
    • 1776 – General George Washington hoists the first United States flag; the Grand Union Flag at Prospect Hill.
    • 1781 – American Revolutionary War: One thousand five hundred soldiers of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment under General Anthony Wayne’s command rebel against the Continental Army’s winter camp in Morristown, New Jersey in the Pennsylvania Line Mutiny of 1781.
    • 1788 – First edition of The Times of London, previously The Daily Universal Register, is published.
    • 1801 – The legislative union of Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland is completed, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is proclaimed.
    • 1801 – Ceres, the largest and first known object in the Asteroid belt, is discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi.
    • 1803 – Emperor Gia Long orders all bronze wares of the Tây Sơn dynasty to be collected and melted into nine cannons for the Royal Citadel in Huế, Vietnam.
    • 1804 – French rule ends in Haiti. Haiti becomes the first black-majority republic and second independent country in North America after the United States.
    • 1806 – The French Republican Calendar is abolished.
    • 1808 – The United States bans the importation of slaves.
    • 1810 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales.
    • 1822 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus.
    • 1847 – The world’s first “Mercy” Hospital is founded in Pittsburgh, United States, by a group of Sisters of Mercy from Ireland; the name will go on to grace over 30 major hospitals throughout the world.
    • 1860 – The first Polish stamp is issued, replacing the Russian stamps previously in use.
    • 1861 – Liberal forces supporting Benito Juárez enter Mexico City.
    • 1863 – American Civil War: The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect in Confederate territory.
    • 1877 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom is proclaimed Empress of India.
    • 1885 – Twenty-five nations adopt Sandford Fleming’s proposal for standard time (and also, time zones).
    • 1890 – Eritrea is consolidated into a colony by the Italian government
    • 1892 – Ellis Island begins processing immigrants into the United States.
    • 1898 – New York, New York annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York. The four initial boroughs, Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and The Bronx, are joined on January 25 by Staten Island to create the modern city of five boroughs.
    • 1899 – Spanish rule ends in Cuba.
    • 1901 – Nigeria becomes a British protectorate
    • 1901 – The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia; Edmund Barton is appointed the first Prime Minister
    • 1902 – The first American college football bowl game, the Rose Bowl between Michigan and Stanford, is held in Pasadena, California.
    • 1910 – Captain David Beatty is promoted to Rear admiral, and becomes the youngest admiral in the Royal Navy (except for Royal family members) since Horatio Nelson.
    • 1912 – The Republic of China is established.
    • 1914 – The SPT Airboat Line becomes the world’s first scheduled airline to use a winged aircraft.
    • 1923 – Britain’s Railways are grouped into the Big Four: LNER, GWR, SR, and LMS.
    • 1927 – New Mexican oil legislation goes into effect, leading to the formal outbreak of the Cristero War.
    • 1928 – Boris Bazhanov defects through Iran. He is the only assistant of Joseph Stalin’s secretariat to have defected from the Eastern Bloc.
    • 1929 – The former municipalities of Point Grey, British Columbia and South Vancouver, British Columbia are amalgamated into Vancouver.
    • 1932 – The United States Post Office Department issues a set of 12 stamps commemorating the 200th anniversary of George Washington’s birth.
    • 1934 – Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay becomes a United States federal prison.
    • 1934 – A “Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring” comes into effect in Nazi Germany.
    • 1942 – The Declaration by United Nations is signed by twenty-six nations.
    • 1945 – World War II: In retaliation for the Malmedy massacre, U.S. troops kill 60 German POWs at Chenogne.
    • 1945 – World War II: The German Luftwaffe launches Operation Bodenplatte, a massive, but failed attempt to knock out Allied air power in northern Europe in a single blow.
    • 1947 – Cold War: The American and British occupation zones in Allied-occupied Germany, after World War II, merge to form the Bizone, which later (with the French zone) became part of West Germany.
    • 1947 – The Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 comes into effect, converting British subjects into Canadian citizens.Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes the first Canadian citizen.
    • 1948 – The British railway network is nationalized to form British Railways.
    • 1949 – United Nations cease-fire takes effect in Kashmir from one minute before midnight. War between India and Pakistan stops accordingly.
    • 1956 – Sudan achieves independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom.
    • 1957 – George Town, Penang, is made a city by a royal charter of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
    • 1958 – European Economic Community is established.
    • 1959 – Cuban Revolution: Fulgencio Batista, dictator of Cuba, is overthrown by Fidel Castro’s forces.
    • 1960 – Cameroon achieves independence from France and the United Kingdom.
    • 1962 – Western Samoa achieves independence from New Zealand; its name is changed to the Independent State of Western Samoa.
    • 1964 – The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into the independent republics of Zambia and Malawi, and the British-controlled Rhodesia.
    • 1965 – The People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan is founded in Kabul, Afghanistan.
    • 1970 – The defined beginning of Unix time, at 00:00:00.
    • 1971 – Cigarette advertisements are banned on American television.
    • 1973 – Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom are admitted into the European Economic Community.
    • 1976 – A bomb explodes on board Middle East Airlines Flight 438 over Qaisumah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 81 people on board.
    • 1978 – Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747, crashes into the Arabian Sea, due to instrument failure, spatial disorientation, and pilot error, off the coast of Bombay, India, killing all 213 people on board.
    • 1979 – Normal diplomatic relations are established between the People’s Republic of China and the United States.
    • 1981 – Greece is admitted into the European Community.
    • 1982 – Peruvian Javier Pérez de Cuéllar becomes the first Latin American to hold the title of Secretary-General of the United Nations.
    • 1983 – The ARPANET officially changes to using TCP/IP, the Internet Protocol, effectively creating the Internet.
    • 1984 – The original American Telephone & Telegraph Company is divested of its 22 Bell System companies as a result of the settlement of the 1974 United States Department of Justice antitrust suit against AT&T.
    • 1984 – Brunei becomes independent of the United Kingdom.
    • 1985 – The first British mobile phone call is made by Michael Harrison to his father Sir Ernest Harrison, chairman of Vodafone.
    • 1987 – The Isleta Pueblo tribe elect Verna Williamson to be their first female governor.
    • 1988 – The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America comes into existence, creating the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States.
    • 1989 – The Montreal Protocol comes into force, stopping the use of chemicals contributing to ozone depletion.
    • 1990 – David Dinkins is sworn in as New York City’s first black mayor.
    • 1993 – Dissolution of Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovakia is divided into the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic.
    • 1994 – The Zapatista Army of National Liberation initiates twelve days of armed conflict in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
    • 1994 – The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) comes into effect.
    • 1995 – The World Trade Organization comes into being.
    • 1995 – The Draupner wave in the North Sea in Norway is detected, confirming the existence of freak waves.
    • 1995 – Austria, Finland and Sweden join the EU.
    • 1998 – Following a currency reform, Russia begins to circulate new rubles to stem inflation and promote confidence.
    • 1999 – Euro currency is introduced in 11 member nations of the European Union (with the exception of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece and Sweden; Greece later adopts the euro).
    • 2004 – In a vote of confidence, General Pervez Musharraf wins 658 out of 1,170 votes in the Electoral College of Pakistan, and according to Article 41(8) of the Constitution of Pakistan, is “deemed to be elected” to the office of President until October 2007.
    • 2007 – Bulgaria and Romania join the EU.
    • 2007 – Adam Air Flight 574 breaks apart in mid-air and crashes near the Makassar Strait, Indonesia killing all 102 people on board.
    • 2009 – Sixty-six people die in a nightclub fire in Bangkok, Thailand.
    • 2010 – A suicide car bomber detonates at a volleyball tournament in Lakki Marwat, Pakistan, killing 105 and injuring 100 more.
    • 2011 – A bomb explodes as Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt, leave a new year service, killing 23 people.
    • 2011 – Estonia officially adopts the Euro currency and becomes the 17th Eurozone country.
    • 2013 – At least 60 people are killed and 200 injured in a stampede after celebrations at Félix Houphouët-Boigny Stadium in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
    • 2015 – The Eurasian Economic Union comes into effect, creating a political and economic union between Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
    • 2017 – An attack on a nightclub in Istanbul, Turkey, during New Year’s celebrations, kills at least 39 people and injures more than 60 others

    Births on January 1

    • 766 – Ali al-Ridha (d. 818) 8th Imam of Twelver Shia Islam
    • 1431 – Pope Alexander VI (d. 1503)
    • 1449 – Lorenzo de’ Medici, Italian politician (d. 1492)
    • 1467 – Sigismund I the Old, Polish king (d. 1548)
    • 1484 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss pastor and theologian (d. 1531)
    • 1511 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, first-born child of Henry VIII of England (d. 1511)
    • 1557 – Stephen Bocskay, Prince of Transylvania (d. 1606)
    • 1600 – Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian and academic (d. 1649)
    • 1628 – Christoph Bernhard, German composer and theorist (d. 1692)
    • 1655 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist and philosopher (d. 1728)
    • 1684 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch scholar and author (d. 1748)
    • 1704 – Soame Jenyns, English author, poet, and politician (d. 1787)
    • 1711 – Baron Franz von der Trenck, Austrian soldier (d. 1749)
    • 1714 – Giovanni Battista Mancini, Italian soprano and author (d. 1800)
    • 1714 – Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian pastor and poet (d. 1780)
    • 1735 – Paul Revere, American silversmith and engraver (d. 1818)
    • 1745 – Anthony Wayne, American general and politician (d. 1796)
    • 1752 – Betsy Ross, American seamstress, credited with designing the Flag of the United States (d. 1836)
    • 1768 – Maria Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish author (d. 1849)
    • 1769 – Marie-Louise Lachapelle, French obstetrician (d. 1821)
    • 1774 – André Marie Constant Duméril, French zoologist and academic (d. 1860)
    • 1779 – William Clowes, English publisher (d. 1847)
    • 1803 – Edward Dickinson, American politician and father of poet Emily Dickinson (d. 1874)
    • 1806 – Lionel Kieseritzky, Estonian-French chess player (d. 1853)
    • 1809 – Achille Guenée, French lawyer and entomologist (d. 1880)
    • 1813 – George Bliss, American politician (d. 1868)
    • 1814 – Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebellion leader and king (d. 1864)
    • 1818 – William Gamble, Irish-born American general (d. 1866)
    • 1819 – Arthur Hugh Clough, English-Italian poet and academic (d. 1861)
    • 1819 – George Foster Shepley, American general (d. 1878)
    • 1823 – Sándor Petőfi, Hungarian poet and activist (d. 1849)
    • 1833 – Robert Lawson, Scottish-New Zealand architect, designed the Otago Boys’ High School and Knox Church (d. 1902)
    • 1834 – Ludovic Halévy, French author and playwright (d. 1908)
    • 1839 – Ouida, English-Italian author and activist (d. 1908)
    • 1848 – John W. Goff, Irish-American lawyer and politician (d. 1924)
    • 1852 – Eugène-Anatole Demarçay, French chemist and academic (d. 1904)
    • 1854 – James George Frazer, Scottish anthropologist and academic (d. 1941)
    • 1854 – Thomas Waddell, Irish-Australian politician, 15th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1940)
    • 1857 – Tim Keefe, American baseball player (d. 1933)
    • 1859 – Michael Joseph Owens, American inventor (d. 1923)
    • 1859 – Thibaw Min, Burmese king (d. 1916)
    • 1860 – Michele Lega, Italian cardinal (d. 1935)
    • 1863 – Pierre de Coubertin, French historian, and educator, founded the International Olympic Committee (d. 1937)
    • 1864 – Alfred Stieglitz, American photographer, and curator (d. 1946)
    • 1864 – Qi Baishi, Chinese painter (d. 1957)
    • 1867 – Mary Ackworth Evershed, English astronomer and scholar (d. 1949)
    • 1874 – Frank Knox, American publisher, and politician, 46th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1944)
    • 1874 – Gustave Whitehead, German-American pilot and engineer (d. 1927)
    • 1877 – Alexander von Staël-Holstein, German sinologist and orientalist (d. 1937)
    • 1878 – Agner Krarup Erlang, Danish mathematician, statistician, and engineer (d. 1929)
    • 1879 – E. M. Forster, English author and playwright (d. 1970)
    • 1879 – William Fox, Hungarian-American screenwriter and producer, founded the Fox Film Corporation and Fox Theatres (d. 1952)
    • 1883 – William J. Donovan, American general, lawyer, and politician (d. 1959)
    • 1884 – Chikuhei Nakajima, Japanese lieutenant, engineer, and politician, founded Nakajima Aircraft Company (d. 1949)
    • 1887 – Wilhelm Canaris, German admiral (d. 1945)
    • 1888 – Georgios Stanotas, Greek general (d. 1965)
    • 1888 – John Garand, Canadian-American engineer, designed the M1 Garand rifle (d. 1974)
    • 1889 – Charles Bickford, American actor (d. 1967)
    • 1890 – Anton Melik, Slovenian geographer and academic (d. 1966)
    • 1891 – Sampurnanand, Indian educator and politician, 3rd Governor of Rajasthan (d. 1969)
    • 1892 – Mahadev Desai, Indian author and activist (d. 1942)
    • 1892 – Manuel Roxas, Filipino lawyer and politician, 5th President of the Philippines (d. 1948)
    • 1893 – Mordechai Frizis, Greek colonel (d. 1940)
    • 1894 – Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist, and mathematician (d. 1974)
    • 1894 – Edward Joseph Hunkeler, American clergyman (d. 1970)
    • 1895 – J. Edgar Hoover, American law enforcement official; 1st Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (d. 1972)
    • 1900 – Chiune Sugihara, Japanese soldier and diplomat (d. 1986)
    • 1900 – Xavier Cugat, Spanish-American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1990)
    • 1902 – Buster Nupen, Norwegian-South African cricketer and lawyer (d. 1977)
    • 1902 – Hans von Dohnányi, German jurist and political dissident (d. 1945)
    • 1904 – Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, Pakistani lawyer and politician, 5th President of Pakistan (d. 1982)
    • 1905 – Stanisław Mazur, Ukrainian-Polish mathematician and theorist (d. 1981)
    • 1906 – Manuel Silos, Filipino filmmaker, and actor (d. 1988)
    • 1907 – Kinue Hitomi, Japanese sprinter and long jumper (d. 1931)
    • 1909 – Dana Andrews, American actor (d. 1992)
    • 1909 – Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian soldier and politician (d. 1959)
    • 1911 – Audrey Wurdemann, American poet and author (d. 1960)
    • 1911 – Basil Dearden, English director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1971)
    • 1911 – Hank Greenberg, American baseball player (d. 1986)
    • 1911 – Roman Totenberg, Polish-American violinist and educator (d. 2012)
    • 1912 – Boris Vladimirovich Gnedenko, Russian mathematician and historian (d. 1995)
    • 1912 – Kim Philby, British spy (d. 1988)
    • 1912 – Nikiforos Vrettakos, Greek poet and academic (d. 1991)
    • 1914 – Noor Inayat Khan, British SOE agent (d. 1944)
    • 1917 – Shannon Bolin, American actress and singer (d. 2016)
    • 1918 – Patrick Anthony Porteous, Scottish colonel, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 2000)
    • 1918 – Willy den Ouden, Dutch swimmer (d. 1997)
    • 1919 – Carole Landis, American actress (d. 1948)
    • 1919 – J. D. Salinger, American soldier and author (d. 2010)
    • 1919 – Rocky Graziano, American boxer and actor (d. 1990)
    • 1920 – Osvaldo Cavandoli, Italian cartoonist (d. 2007)
    • 1921 – César Baldaccini, French sculptor and academic (d. 1998)
    • 1921 – Ismail al-Faruqi, Palestinian-American philosopher and academic (d. 1986)
    • 1921 – Regina Bianchi, Italian actress (d. 2013)
    • 1922 – Ernest Hollings, American soldier, and politician, 106th Governor of South Carolina (d. 2019)
    • 1923 – Valentina Cortese, Italian actress (d. 2019)
    • 1923 – Milt Jackson, American jazz vibraphonist and composer (d. 1999)
    • 1924 – Francisco Macías Nguema, Equatorial Guinean politician, 1st President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (d. 1979)
    • 1925 – Matthew Beard, American child actor (d. 1981)
    • 1925 – Paul Bomani, Tanzanian politician and diplomat, 1st Tanzanian Minister of Finance (d. 2005)
    • 1926 – Kazys Petkevičius, Lithuanian basketball player and coach (d. 2008)
    • 1927 – Doak Walker, American football player and businessman (d. 1998)
    • 1927 – James Reeb, American clergyman and political activist (d. 1965)
    • 1927 – Maurice Béjart, French-Swiss dancer, choreographer, and director (d. 2007)
    • 1927 – Vernon L. Smith, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate
    • 1928 – Ernest Tidyman, American author and screenwriter (d. 1984)
    • 1928 – Gerhard Weinberg, German-American historian, author, and academic
    • 1929 – Larry L. King, American journalist, author, and playwright (d. 2012)
    • 1930 – Frederick Wiseman, American director and producer
    • 1930 – Gaafar Nimeiry, Egyptian-Sudanese politician, 4th President of the Sudan (d. 2009)
    • 1932 – Giuseppe Patanè, Italian conductor (d. 1989)
    • 1933 – James Hormel, American philanthropist and diplomat.
    • 1933 – Joe Orton, English dramatist (d. 1967)
    • 1934 – Alan Berg, American lawyer and radio host (d. 1984
    • 1934 – Lakhdar Brahimi, Algerian politician, Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs
    • 1935 – Om Prakash Chautala, Indian politician
    • 1936 – James Sinegal, American businessman, co-founded Costco
    • 1939 – Michèle Mercier, French actress
    • 1939 – Phil Read, English motorcycle racer and businessman
    • 1939 – Senfronia Thompson, American politician
    • 1941 – Younoussi Touré, Malian politician, Prime Minister of Mali
    • 1942 – Alassane Ouattara, Ivorian economist and politician, President of the Ivory Coast (doubtful)
    • 1942 – Anthony Hamilton-Smith, 3rd Baron Colwyn, English dentist and politician
    • 1942 – Country Joe McDonald, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1942 – Dennis Archer, American lawyer and politician, 67th Mayor of Detroit
    • 1942 – Gennadi Sarafanov, Russian pilot and cosmonaut (d. 2005)
    • 1943 – Don Novello, American comedian, screenwriter and producer.
    • 1943 – Tony Knowles, American soldier and politician, 7th Governor of Alaska.
    • 1943 – Vladimir Šeks, Croatian lawyer and politician, 16th Speaker of the Croatian Parliament
    • 1944 – Mati Unt, Estonian author, playwright, and director (d. 2005)
    • 1944 – Omar al-Bashir, Sudanese field marshal and politician, 7th President of Sudan
    • 1944 – Teresa Torańska, Polish journalist and author (d. 2013)
    • 1944 – Zafarullah Khan Jamali, Pakistani field hockey player and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan
    • 1945 – Jacky Ickx, Belgian racing driver
    • 1945 – Victor Ashe, American politician and former United States Ambassador to Poland
    • 1946 – Claude Steele, American social psychologist and academic
    • 1946 – Rivellino, Brazilian footballer and manager
    • 1947 – Jon Corzine, American sergeant and politician, 54th Governor of New Jersey
    • 1948 – Devlet Bahçeli, Turkish economist, academic, and politician, 57th Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey
    • 1948 – Dick Quax, New Zealand runner and politician (d. 2018)
    • 1948 – Pavel Grachev, Russian general and politician, 1st Russian Minister of Defence (d. 2012)
    • 1949 – Borys Tarasyuk, Ukrainian politician and diplomat
    • 1952 – Shaji N. Karun, Indian director and cinematographer
    • 1953 – Gary Johnson, American businessman and politician, 29th Governor of New Mexico
    • 1954 – Bob Menendez, American lawyer and politician
    • 1954 – Dennis O’Driscoll, Irish poet and critic (d. 2012)
    • 1954 – Yannis Papathanasiou, Greek engineer and politician, Greek Minister of Finance
    • 1955 – LaMarr Hoyt, American baseball player
    • 1955 – Mary Beard, English classicist, academic and presenter
    • 1956 – Sergei Avdeyev, Russian engineer and astronaut
    • 1956 – Christine Lagarde, French lawyer and politician; Managing Director, International Monetary Fund
    • 1957 – Evangelos Venizelos, Greek lawyer and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Greece
    • 1958 – Grandmaster Flash, Barbadian rapper and DJ
    • 1959 – Abdul Ahad Mohmand, Afghan colonel, pilot, and astronaut
    • 1959 – Azali Assoumani, Comorian colonel and politician, President of the Comoros
    • 1959 – Panagiotis Giannakis, Greek basketball player and coach
    • 1962 – Anton Muscatelli, Italian-Scottish economist and academic
    • 1963 – Jean-Marc Gounon, French racing driver
    • 1964 – Dedee Pfeiffer, American actress
    • 1966 – Anna Burke, Australian businesswoman and politician, 28th Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
    • 1966 – Ivica Dačić, Serbian journalist and politician, 95th Prime Minister of Serbia
    • 1966 – Tihomir Orešković, Croatian–Canadian businessman, 11th Prime Minister of Croatia
    • 1968 – Davor Šuker, Croatian footballer
    • 1971 – Bobby Holík, Czech-American ice hockey player and coach
    • 1971 – Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia, Indian politician
    • 1971 – Sammie Henson, American wrestler and coach
    • 1972 – Lilian Thuram, French footballer
    • 1974 – Christian Paradis, Canadian lawyer and politician, 9th Canadian Minister of Industry
    • 1975 – Becky Kellar-Duke, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1975 – Chris Anstey, Australian basketball player and coach
    • 1975 – Fernando Tatís, Dominican baseball player
    • 1975 – Joe Cannon, American soccer player and sportscaster
    • 1979 – Vidya Balan, Indian actress
    • 1981 – Zsolt Baumgartner, Hungarian racing driver
    • 1981 – Mladen Petrić, Croatian footballer
    • 1982 – David Nalbandian, Argentinian tennis player
    • 1982 – Egidio Arévalo Ríos, Uruguayan footballer
    • 1983 – Melaine Walker, Jamaican hurdler
    • 1983 – Park Sung-hyun, South Korean archer
    • 1983 – Calum Davenport, English footballer
    • 1984 – Paolo Guerrero, Peruvian footballer
    • 1985 – Steven Davis, Northern Irish footballer
    • 1985 – Tiago Splitter, Brazilian basketball player
    • 1986 – Pablo Cuevas, Uruguayan tennis player
    • 1986 – Ramses Barden, American football player
    • 1987 – Meryl Davis, American ice dancer1987 – Patric Hörnqvist, Swedish ice hockey player
    • 1988 – Marcel Gecov, Czech footballer
    • 1989 – Jason Pierre-Paul, American football player
    • 1991 – Darius Slay, American football player

    Deaths on January 1

    • 138 – Lucius Aelius, adopted son and intended successor of Hadrian (b. 101)
    • 404 – Telemachus, Christian monk and martyr
    • 466 – Qianfei, Chinese emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 449)
    • 898 – Odo I, Frankish king (b. 860)
    • 951 – Ramiro II, king of León and Galicia1031 – William of Volpiano, Italian abbot (b. 962)
    • 1189 – Henry of Marcy, Cistercian abbot (b. c. 1136)
    • 1204 – Haakon III, king of Norway (b. 1182)
    • 1387 – Charles II, king of Navarre (b. 1332)
    • 1496 – Charles d’Orléans, count of Angoulême (b. 1459)
    • 1515 – Louis XII, king of France (b. 1462)
    • 1559 – Christian III, king of Denmark (b. 1503)
    • 1560 – Joachim du Bellay, French poet and critic (b. 1522)
    • 1617 – Hendrik Goltzius, Dutch painter and illustrator (b. 1558)
    • 1697 – Filippo Baldinucci, Florentine historian and author (b. 1625)
    • 1716 – William Wycherley, English playwright and poet (b. 1641)
    • 1748 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and academic (b. 1667)
    • 1780 – Johann Ludwig Krebs, German organist and composer (b. 1713)
    • 1782 – Johann Christian Bach, German composer (b. 1735)
    • 1789 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, English lawyer and politician, British Speaker of the House of Commons (b. 1716)
    • 1793 – Francesco Guardi, Italian painter and educator (b. 1712)
    • 1817 – Martin Heinrich Klaproth, German chemist and academic (b. 1743)
    • 1846 – John Torrington, English sailor and explorer (b. 1825)
    • 1853 – Gregory Blaxland, Australian farmer and explorer (b. 1778)
    • 1862 – Mikhail Ostrogradsky, Ukrainian mathematician and physicist (b. 1801)
    • 1881 – Louis Auguste Blanqui, French activist (b. 1805)
    • 1892 – Roswell B. Mason, American lawyer and politician, 25th Mayor of Chicago (b. 1805)
    • 1894 – Heinrich Hertz, German physicist and academic (b. 1857)
    • 1896 – Alfred Ely Beach, American publisher and lawyer, created the Beach Pneumatic Transit (b. 1826)
    • 1906 – Hugh Nelson, Scottish-Australian farmer and politician, 11th Premier of Queensland (b. 1833)
    • 1918 – William Wilfred Campbell, Canadian poet and author (b. 1858)
    • 1921 – Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, German lawyer and politician, 5th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1856)
    • 1929 – Mustafa Necati, Turkish civil servant and politician, Turkish Minister of Environment and Urban Planning (b. 1894)
    • 1931 – Martinus Beijerinck, Dutch microbiologist and botanist (b. 1851)
    • 1937 – Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, Indian religious leader, founded the Gaudiya Math (b. 1874)
    • 1940 – Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao, Indian author and educator (b. 1865)
    • 1944 – Edwin Lutyens, English architect, designed the Castle Drogo and Thiepval Memorial (b. 1869)
    • 1944 – Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (b. 1862)
    • 1953 – Hank Williams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1923)
    • 1954 – Duff Cooper, English politician and diplomat, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1890)
    • 1954 – Leonard Bacon, American poet and critic (b. 1887)
    • 1955 – Arthur C. Parker, American archaeologist and historian (b. 1881)
    • 1960 – Margaret Sullavan, American actress (b. 1909)
    • 1966 – Vincent Auriol, French journalist and politician, 16th President of the French Republic (b. 1884)
    • 1969 – Barton MacLane, American actor, playwright and screenwriter (b. 1902)
    • 1971 – Amphilochius of Pochayiv, Ukrainian saint (b. 1894)
    • 1972 – Maurice Chevalier, French actor and singer (b. 1888)
    • 1978 – Carle Hessay, German-Canadian painter (b. 1911)
    • 1980 – Pietro Nenni, Italian journalist and politician, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1891)
    • 1981 – Hephzibah Menuhin, American-Australian pianist (b. 1920)
    • 1982 – Victor Buono, American actor (b. 1938)
    • 1984 – Alexis Korner, French-English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1928)
    • 1992 – Grace Hopper, American computer scientist and admiral, co-developed COBOL (b. 1906)
    • 1994 – Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt, New Zealand physician and politician, 11th Governor-General of New Zealand (b. 1900)
    • 1994 – Cesar Romero, American actor (b. 1907)
    • 1994 – Edward Arthur Thompson, Irish historian and academic (b. 1914)
    • 1995 – Eugene Wigner, Hungarian-American physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
    • 1996 – Arleigh Burke, American admiral (b. 1901)
    • 1996 – Arthur Rudolph, German-American engineer (b. 1906)
    • 1997 – Townes Van Zandt, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1944)
    • 1998 – Helen Wills, American tennis player and coach (b. 1905)
    • 2000 – Betty Archdale, English-Australian cricketer and educator (b. 1907)
    • 2001 – Ray Walston, American actor (b. 1914)
    • 2002 – Julia Phillips, American film producer and author (b. 1944)
    • 2003 – Joe Foss, American soldier, pilot, and politician, 20th Governor of South Dakota (b. 1915)
    • 2005 – Shirley Chisholm, American educator and politician (b. 1924)
    • 2006 – Harry Magdoff, American economist and journalist (b. 1913)
    • 2007 – Roland Levinsky, South African-English biochemist and academic (b. 1943)
    • 2007 – Tillie Olsen, American short story writer (b. 1912)
    • 2008 – Pratap Chandra Chunder, Indian educator and politician (b. 1919)
    • 2009 – Claiborne Pell, American politician (b. 1918)
    • 2010 – Lhasa de Sela, American-Mexican singer-songwriter (b. 1972)
    • 2012 – Kiro Gligorov, Bulgarian-Macedonian lawyer and politician, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (b. 1917)
    • 2012 – Nay Win Maung, Burmese physician, businessman, and activist (b. 1962)
    • 2012 – Tommy Mont, American football player and coach (b. 1922)
    • 2013 – Christopher Martin-Jenkins, English journalist (b. 1945)
    • 2013 – Patti Page, American singer and actress (b. 1927)
    • 2014 – Higashifushimi Kunihide, Japanese monk and educator (b. 1910)
    • 2014 – Juanita Moore, American actress (b. 1914)
    • 2014 – William Mgimwa, Tanzanian banker and politician, 13th Tanzanian Minister of Finance (b. 1950)
    • 2015 – Boris Morukov, Russian physician and astronaut (b. 1950)
    • 2015 – Donna Douglas, American actress (b. 1932)
    • 2015 – Mario Cuomo, American lawyer and politician, 52nd Governor of New York (b. 1932)
    • 2015 – Omar Karami, Lebanese lawyer and politician, 58th Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. 1934)
    • 2016 – Dale Bumpers, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 38th Governor of Arkansas (b. 1925)
    • 2016 – Fazu Aliyeva, Russian poet and journalist (b. 1932)
    • 2016 – Vilmos Zsigmond, Hungarian-American cinematographer and producer (b. 1930)
    • 2017 – Derek Parfit, British philosopher (b. 1942)
    • 2017 – Tony Atkinson, British economist (b. 1944)
    • 2017 – Yvon Dupuis, Canadian politician (b. 1926)
    • 2018 – Robert Mann, American violinist (b. 1920)
    • 2019 – Pegi Young, American singer, songwriter, environmentalist, educator and philanthropist (b. 1952)
    • 2019 – Paul Neville, Australian politician (b. 1940)
    • 2020 – David Stern, American lawyer and businessman (b. 1942)
    • 2020 – Alexander Frater, British travel writer and journalist (b. 1937)
    • 2020 – Barry McDonald, Australian rugby union player (b. 1940)

    Holidays and observances on January 1

    • Christian feast day:
      • Adalard of Corbie
      • Basil the Great (Eastern Orthodox Church)
      • Feast of the Circumcision of Christ
        • Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus (Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church)
        • Feast of Fools (Medieval Europe)
      • Fulgentius of Ruspe
      • Giuseppe Maria Tomasi
      • Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, the Octave Day of Christmas, considered a holy day of obligation in some countries (Catholic Church); and its related observances:
        • World Day of Peace
      • Telemachus
      • Zygmunt Gorazdowski
      • January 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Earliest day on which Handsel Monday can fall, while January 7 is the latest; celebrated on the first Monday of the year (Scotland)
    • The second day of Hogmanay (Scotland) December 31-January 1, in some cases until January 2.
    • The last day of Kwanzaa (African-Americans)
    • The eighth of the Twelve Days of Christmas (Western Christianity)
    • Constitution Day (Italy)
    • Dissolution of Czechoslovakia-related observances:
      • Day of the Establishment of the Slovak Republic (Slovakia)
      • Restoration Day of the Independent Czech State (Czech Republic)
    • Emancipation Day (United States)
    • Euro Day (European Union)
    • Flag Day (Lithuania) commemorates raising of the Lithuanian flag on Gediminas’ Tower in 1919
    • Founding Day (Taiwan) commemorates the establishment of the Provisional Government in Nanjing
    • Global Family Day
    • Independence Day (Brunei, Cameroon, Haiti, Sudan)
    • International Nepali Dhoti and Nepali Topi Day
    • Jump-up Day (Montserrat)
    • Kalpataru Day (Ramakrishna Movement)
    • Kamakura Ebisu, January 1–3 (Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan)
    • National Bloody Mary Day (United States)
    • National Tree Planting Day (Tanzania)
    • New Year’s Day (Gregorian calendar)
      • Japanese New Year
      • Novy God Day (Russia)
      • Sjoogwachi (Okinawa Islands)
    • Polar Bear Swim Day (Canada and United States)
    • Public Domain Day (multiple countries)
    • Triumph of the Revolution (Cuba)
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    Complete Governmental Structure of Pakistan

    The government in Pakistan is composed of the executive, legislative & judicature branches

    The Executive Government

    Prime Minister of Pakistan

    Prime Minister of PakistanThe Prime Minister of Pakistan is the Head of Government of Pakistan and designated as the Chief Executive of the Republic, who leads the executive branch of the government, oversees the economical growth, heads the Council of Common Interests as well as the Cabinet, and is vested with the command authority over the nuclear arsenals. He is also a leader of the nation who has control over all matters of internal and foreign policy.

    The Prime Minister is appointed by the members of the National Assembly through a vote. The Prime Minister is assisted by the Federal Cabinet, a Council of Ministers whose members are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Federal Cabinet comprises of the ministers, ministers of state, and advisers.

    The Parliament

    The bicameral federal legislature consists of the Senate (upper house) and National Assembly (lower house). According to Article 50 of the Constitution, the National Assembly, the Senate and the President together make up a body known as the Majlis-i-Shoora (Council of Advisers).

    The President of Pakistan

    The President of PakistanThe President of Pakistan is the ceremonial Head of the State and a figurehead who is a civilian Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces as per the Constitution of Pakistan and a leader of the nation.
    The President is kept informed by the Prime Minister on all the matters of internal and foreign policy as well as on all legislative proposals. Constitution of Pakistan vest the President the powers of granting the pardons, reprieves, and the control of the military; however, all appointments at higher commands of the military must be made by President on a “required and necessary” on consultation and approval from the Prime Minister. In addition, the constitution prohibits the President from exercising the authority of running the government.

    The Senate

    The Senate is a permanent legislative body with equal representation from each of the four provinces, elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. There are representatives from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and from Islamabad Capital Territory. The Chairman of the Senate, under the constitution, is next in line to act as President should the office become vacant and until such time as a new president can be formally elected.
    Both the Senate and the National Assembly can initiate and pass legislation except for finance bills. Only the National Assembly can approve the federal budget and all finance bills. In the case of other bills, the President may prevent passage unless the legislature in joint sitting overrules the President by a majority of members of both houses present and voting. Unlike the National Assembly, the Senate cannot be dissolved by the President.

    National Assembly of Pakistan

    Members of the National Assembly are elected by universal adult suffrage (eighteen years of age). Seats are allocated to each of the four provinces, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Islamabad Capital Territory on the basis of population. National Assembly members serve for the parliamentary term, which is five years, unless they die or resign sooner, or unless the National Assembly is dissolved.

    Although the vast majority of the members are Muslim, about 5% of the seats are reserved for minorities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs. There are also 50+ special seats for women now, and women are selected by their respective party heads.

    The Jurisdiction

    The Judiciary includes the Supreme Court, Provincial High Courts, District & Sessions Courts, Civil and Magistrate Courts exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction. Some Federal and Provincial Courts and tribunals such as Services Court, Income Tax & Excise Court, Banking Court and Boards of Revenue’s Tribunals are established in all provinces as well.

    Supreme Court

    The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President; the other Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court may remain in office until age of sixty-eight years.

    Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan

    The Federal Shariat Court (FSC) of Pakistan is a court which has the power to examine and determine whether the laws of the country comply with Shari’a law. It consists of 8 Muslim judges appointed by the President of Pakistan after consulting the Chief Justice of this Court. Of the 8 judges, 3 are required to be Ulema who are well versed in Islamic law. The judges hold office for a period of 3 years, which may eventually be extended by the President.
    If any part of the law is declared to be against Islamic law, the government is required to take necessary steps to amend such law appropriately. The court also exercises revisional jurisdiction over the criminal courts, deciding Hudood cases. The decisions of the court are binding on the High Courts as well as subordinate judiciary. The court appoints its own staff and frames its own rules of procedure.

    Provincial and High Courts

    Currently all four provinces; Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtun Khwah and Baluchistan have High Courts. After the approval of 18th Constitutional Amendment in April 2010, a new High Court is established at Federal Capital Islamabad with the name of Islamabad High Court. Judges appointments are proposed by a Parliamentary Commission.
    In addition, there are special courts and tribunals to deal with specific kinds of cases, such as drug courts, commercial courts, labor courts, traffic courts, an insurance appellate tribunal, an income tax appellate tribunal, and special courts for bank offences. There are also special courts to try terrorists. Appeals from special courts go to high courts except for labor and traffic courts, which have their own forums for appeal. Appeals from the tribunals go to the Supreme Court.

    Ombudsman / Mohtasib

    A further feature of the judicial system is the office of Mohtasib (Ombudsman), which is provided for in the constitution. The office of Mohtasib was established in many early Muslim states to ensure that no wrongs were done to citizens. Appointed by the president, the Mohtasib holds office for four years; the term cannot be extended or renewed.

    The Mohtasib’s purpose is to institutionalize a system for enforcing administrative accountability, through investigating and rectifying any injustice done to a person through maladministration by a federal agency or a federal government official. The Mohtasib is empowered to award compensation to those who have suffered loss or damage as a result of maladministration. This institution is designed to bridge the gap between administrator and citizen, to improve administrative processes and procedures, and to help curb misuse of discretionary powers.

    governance-structures-pakistan-rule

    Courtesy: National Democratic Foundation