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  • July 27 – History, Events, Births, Deaths Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • 1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland somewhere north of the Firth of Forth.
    • 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja, during the Third Crusade.
    • 1202 – Georgian–Seljuk wars: At the Battle of Basian the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum.
    • 1214 – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies, effectively ending John of England’s Angevin Empire.
    • 1299 – According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman state.
    • 1302 – Battle of Bapheus: Decisive Ottoman victory over the Byzantines opening up Bithynia for Turkish conquest.
    • 1549 – The Jesuit priest Francis Xavier’s ship reaches Japan.
    • 1663 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports. After the Acts of Union 1707, Scotland would be included in the Act.
    • 1689 – Glorious Revolution: The Battle of Killiecrankie is a victory for the Jacobites.
    • 1694 – A Royal charter is granted to the Bank of England.
    • 1775 – Founding of the U.S. Army Medical Department: The Second Continental Congress passes legislation establishing “an hospital for an army consisting of 20,000 men.”
    • 1778 – American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff.
    • 1789 – The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established (it will be later renamed Department of State).
    • 1794 – French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 “enemies of the Revolution”.
    • 1816 – Battle of Negro Fort: The battle ends when a hot shot cannonball fired by US Navy Gunboat No. 154 explodes the Fort’s Powder Magazine, killing approximately 275. It is considered the deadliest single cannon shot in US history.
    • 1857 – Siege of Arrah begins: Sixty-eight men hold out for eight days against a force of 2,500 to 3,000 mutinying sepoys and 8,000 irregular forces.
    • 1865 – Welsh settlers arrive at Chubut in Argentina.
    • 1866 – The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully completed, stretching from Valentia Island, Ireland, to Heart’s Content, Newfoundland.
    • 1880 – Second Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Maiwand: Afghan forces led by Mohammad Ayub Khan defeat the British Army in battle near Maiwand, Afghanistan.
    • 1890 – Vincent van Gogh shoots himself and dies two days later.
    • 1900 – Kaiser Wilhelm II makes a speech comparing Germans to Huns; for years afterwards, “Hun” would be a disparaging name for Germans.
    • 1917 – World War I: The Allies reach the Yser Canal at the Battle of Passchendaele.
    • 1919 – The Chicago Race Riot erupts after a racial incident occurred on a South Side beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries over a five-day period.
    • 1921 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, prove that the hormone insulin regulates blood sugar.
    • 1929 – The Geneva Convention of 1929, dealing with treatment of prisoners-of-war, is signed by 53 nations.
    • 1940 – The animated short A Wild Hare is released, introducing the character of Bugs Bunny.
    • 1942 – World War II: Allied forces successfully halt the final Axis advance into Egypt.
    • 1949 – Initial flight of the de Havilland Comet, the first jet-powered airliner.
    • 1953 – Cessation of hostilities is achieved in the Korean War when the United States, China, and North Korea sign an armistice agreement. Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea, refuses to sign but pledges to observe the armistice.
    • 1955 – The Austrian State Treaty restores Austrian sovereignty.
    • 1955 – El Al Flight 402 is shot down by two fighter jets after straying into Bulgarian air space. All 58 people onboard are killed.
    • 1959 – The Continental League is announced as baseball’s “3rd major league” in the United States.
    • 1964 – Vietnam War: Five thousand more American military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.
    • 1974 – Watergate scandal: The House of Representatives Judiciary Committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment (for obstruction of justice) against President Richard Nixon.
    • 1975 – Mayor of Jaffna and former MP Alfred Duraiappah is shot dead.
    • 1976 – Former Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tanaka is arrested on suspicion of violating foreign exchange and foreign trade laws in connection with the Lockheed bribery scandals.
    • 1981 – While landing at Chihuahua International Airport, Aeromexico Flight 230 overshoots the runway. Thirty-two of the 66 passengers and crew on board the DC-9 are killed.[2]
    • 1983 – Black July: Eighteen Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by Sinhalese prisoners, the second such massacre in two days.
    • 1987 – RMS Titanic Inc. begins the first expedited salvage of wreckage of the RMS Titanic.
    • 1989 – While attempting to land at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, Korean Air Flight 803 crashes just short of the runway. Seventy-five of the 199 passengers and crew and four people on the ground are killed, in the second accident involving a DC-10 in less than two weeks, the first being United Airlines Flight 232.
    • 1990 – The Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Republic declares independence of Belarus from the Soviet Union. Until 1996 the day is celebrated as the Independence Day of Belarus; after a referendum held that year the celebration of independence is moved to June 3.
    • 1990 – The Jamaat al Muslimeen attempt a coup d’état in Trinidad and Tobago.
    • 1995 – The Korean War Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C..
    • 1996 – In Atlanta, United States, a pipe bomb explodes at Centennial Olympic Park during the 1996 Summer Olympics.
    • 1997 – About 50 people are killed in the Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria.
    • 2002 – Ukraine airshow disaster: A Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes during an air show at Lviv, Ukraine killing 77 and injuring more than 500 others, making it the deadliest air show disaster in history.
    • 2005 – After an incident during STS-114, NASA grounds the Space Shuttle, pending an investigation of the continuing problem with the shedding of foam insulation from the external fuel tank.
    • 2015 – At least seven people are killed and many injured after gunmen attack an Indian police station in Punjab.
    • 2016 – At a news conference in Florida, U.S. Presidential Candidate Donald Trump publicly appealed to Russia to find and release private emails from Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton; a Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) later alleged that Russian operatives began hacking into servers at the Democratic National Committee on that same day, leading to the July 13, 2018 indictment of 12 Russian intelligence officers.[3]

    Births on July 27

    • 1452 – Ludovico Sforza, Italian son of Francesco I Sforza (d. 1508)
    • 1452 – Lucrezia Crivelli, mistress of Ludovico Sforza (d. 1508)
    • 1502 – Francesco Corteccia, Italian composer (d. 1571)
    • 1578 – Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond (d. 1639)
    • 1612 – Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1640)
    • 1625 – Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (d. 1672)
    • 1667 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and academic (d. 1748)
    • 1733 – Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (d. 1779)
    • 1740 – Jeanne Baré, French explorer (d. 1803)
    • 1741 – François-Hippolyte Barthélémon, French-English violinist and composer (d. 1808)
    • 1752 – Samuel Smith, American general and politician (d. 1839)
    • 1768 – Charlotte Corday, French assassin of Jean-Paul Marat (d. 1793)
    • 1768 – Joseph Anton Koch, Austrian painter (d. 1839)
    • 1773 – Jacob Aall, Norwegian economist and politician (d. 1844)
    • 1777 – Thomas Campbell, Scottish-French poet and academic (d. 1844)
    • 1777 – Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, English general (d. 1853)
    • 1781 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1828)
    • 1784 – Denis Davydov, Russian general and poet (d. 1839)
    • 1812 – Thomas Lanier Clingman, American general and politician (d. 1897)
    • 1818 – Agostino Roscelli, Italian priest and saint (d. 1902)
    • 1824 – Alexandre Dumas, fils, French novelist and playwright (d. 1895)
    • 1833 – Thomas George Bonney, English geologist, mountaineer, and academic (d. 1923)
    • 1834 – Miguel Grau Seminario, Peruvian admiral (d. 1879)
    • 1835 – Giosuè Carducci, Italian poet and educator, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
    • 1848 – Loránd Eötvös, Hungarian physicist and politician, Minister of Education of Hungary (d. 1919)
    • 1848 – Friedrich Ernst Dorn, German physicist (d.1916)
    • 1853 – Vladimir Korolenko, Ukrainian journalist, author, and activist (d. 1921)
    • 1853 – Elizabeth Plankinton, American philanthropist (d. 1923)
    • 1854 – Takahashi Korekiyo, Japanese accountant and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)
    • 1857 – José Celso Barbosa, Puerto Rican physician, sociologist, and politician (d. 1921)
    • 1857 – Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge, English Egyptologist, Orientalist, and philologist (d.1934)
    • 1858 – George Lyon, Canadian golfer and cricketer (d. 1938)
    • 1866 – António José de Almeida, Portuguese physician and politician, 6th President of Portugal (d. 1929)
    • 1867 – Enrique Granados, Spanish pianist and composer (d. 1916)
    • 1870 – Hilaire Belloc, French-born British writer and historian (d. 1953)
    • 1872 – Stanislav Binički, Serbian composer, conductor, and pedagogue. (d. 1942)
    • 1879 – Francesco Gaeta, Italian poet (d. 1927)
    • 1877 – Ernő Dohnányi, Hungarian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1960)
    • 1881 – Hans Fischer, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945)
    • 1882 – Geoffrey de Havilland, English pilot and engineer, founded the de Havilland Aircraft Company (d. 1965)
    • 1886 – Ernst May, German architect and urban planner (d. 1970)
    • 1889 – Vera Karalli, Russian ballerina, choreographer, and actress (d. 1972)
    • 1890 – Benjamin Miessner, American radio engineer and inventor (d. 1976)
    • 1890 – Armas Taipale, Finnish discus thrower and shot putter (d. 1976)
    • 1891 – Jacob van der Hoeden, Dutch-Israeli veterinarian and academic (d. 1968)
    • 1893 – Ugo Agostoni, Italian cyclist (d. 1941)
    • 1894 – Mientje Kling, Dutch actress (d. 1966)
    • 1896 – Robert George, Scottish air marshal and politician, 24th Governor of South Australia (d. 1967)
    • 1896 – Henri Longchambon, French lawyer and politician (d. 1969)
    • 1899 – Percy Hornibrook, Australian cricketer (d. 1976)
    • 1902 – Yaroslav Halan, Ukrainian playwright and publicist (d. 1949)
    • 1903 – Nikolay Cherkasov, Russian actor (d. 1966)
    • 1903 – Michail Stasinopoulos, Greek jurist and politician, President of Greece (d. 2002)
    • 1903 – Mārtiņš Zīverts, Latvian playwright (d. 1990)
    • 1904 – Lyudmila Rudenko, Soviet chess player (d. 1986)
    • 1905 – Leo Durocher, American baseball player and manager (d. 1991)
    • 1906 – Jerzy Giedroyc, Polish author and activist (d. 2000)
    • 1906 – Herbert Jasper, Canadian psychologist and neurologist (d. 1999)
    • 1907 – Ross Alexander, American stage and film actor (d. 1937)
    • 1907 – Carl McClellan Hill, African American educator and academic administrator (d. 1995)
    • 1907 – Irene Fischer, Austrian-American geodesist and mathematician (d. 2009)
    • 1908 – Joseph Mitchell, American journalist and author (d. 1996)
    • 1910 – Julien Gracq, French author and critic (d. 2007)
    • 1910 – Lupita Tovar, Mexican-American actress (d. 2016)
    • 1911 – Rayner Heppenstall, English author and poet (d. 1981)
    • 1912 – Vernon Elliott, English bassoon player, composer, and conductor (d. 1996)
    • 1913 – George L. Street III, American captain, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 2000)
    • 1914 – August Sang, Estonian poet and translator (d. 1969)
    • 1915 – Mario Del Monaco, Italian tenor (d. 1982)
    • 1915 – Josef Priller, German colonel and pilot (d. 1961)
    • 1916 – Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic, novelist, and short story writer (d. 2007)
    • 1916 – Skippy Williams, American saxophonist and arranger (d. 1994)
    • 1916 – Keenan Wynn, American actor (d. 1986)
    • 1918 – Leonard Rose, American cellist and educator (d. 1984)
    • 1920 – Henry D. “Homer” Haynes, American comedian and musician (Homer and Jethro) (d. 1971)
    • 1921 – Garry Davis, American pilot and activist, created the World Passport (d. 2013)
    • 1921 – Émile Genest, Canadian-American actor (d. 2003)
    • 1922 – Adolfo Celi, Italian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1986)
    • 1922 – Norman Lear, American screenwriter and producer
    • 1923 – Mas Oyama, South Korean-Japanese martial artist (d. 1994)
    • 1924 – Vincent Canby, American historian and critic (d. 2000)
    • 1924 – Otar Taktakishvili, Georgian composer and conductor (d. 1989)
    • 1927 – Guy Carawan, American singer and musicologist (d. 2015)
    • 1927 – Pierre Granier-Deferre, French director and screenwriter (d. 2007)
    • 1927 – Will Jordan, American comedian and actor (d. 2018)
    • 1927 – C. Rajadurai, Sri Lankan journalist and politician, 1st Mayor of Batticaloa
    • 1927 – John Seigenthaler, American journalist and academic (d. 2014)
    • 1928 – Joseph Kittinger, American colonel and pilot
    • 1929 – Jean Baudrillard, French sociologist and philosopher (d. 2007)
    • 1929 – Harvey Fuqua, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2010)
    • 1929 – Jack Higgins, English author and academic
    • 1929 – Marc Wilkinson, French-Australian composer and conductor
    • 1930 – Joy Whitby, English director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1930 – Shirley Williams, English academic and politician, Secretary of State for Education
    • 1931 – Khieu Samphan, Cambodian academic and politician, 28th Prime Minister of Cambodia
    • 1931 – Jerry Van Dyke, American actor (d. 2018)
    • 1932 – Forest Able, American basketball player
    • 1932 – Diane Webber, American model, dancer and actress
    • 1933 – Nick Reynolds, American singer and bongo player (d. 2008)
    • 1933 – Ted Whitten, Australian footballer and journalist (d. 1995)
    • 1935 – Hillar Kärner, Estonian chess player
    • 1935 – Billy McCullough, Northern Irish footballer
    • 1936 – J. Robert Hooper, American businessman and politician (d. 2008)
    • 1937 – Anna Dawson, English actress and singer
    • 1937 – Don Galloway, American actor (d. 2009)
    • 1937 – Robert Holmes à Court, South African-Australian businessman and lawyer (d. 1990)
    • 1938 – Gary Gygax, American game designer, co-created Dungeons & Dragons (d. 2008)
    • 1939 – William Eggleston, American photographer and academic
    • 1939 – Michael Longley, Northern Irish poet and academic
    • 1939 – Paulo Silvino, Brazilian comedian, composer and actor (d. 2017)
    • 1940 – Pina Bausch, German dancer and choreographer (d. 2009)
    • 1941 – Christian Boesch, Austrian opera singer
    • 1941 – Johannes Fritsch, German viola player and composer (d. 2010)
    • 1942 – Édith Butler, Canadian singer-songwriter
    • 1942 – John Pleshette, American actor, director, and screenwriter
    • 1942 – Dennis Ralston, American tennis player
    • 1943 – Jeremy Greenstock, English diplomat, British Ambassador to the United Nations
    • 1944 – Bobbie Gentry, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1944 – Jean-Marie Leblanc, French cyclist and journalist
    • 1944 – Barbara Thomson, English saxophonist and composer
    • 1945 – Edmund M. Clarke, American computer scientist
    • 1946 – Peter Reading, English poet and author (d. 2011)
    • 1947 – Kazuyoshi Miura, Japanese businessman (d. 2008)
    • 1947 – Betty Thomas, American actress, director, and producer
    • 1948 – Peggy Fleming, American figure skater and sportscaster
    • 1948 – James Munby, English lawyer and judge
    • 1948 – Henny Vrienten, Dutch singer-songwriter and bass player
    • 1949 – Maury Chaykin, American-Canadian actor (d. 2010)
    • 1949 – André Dupont, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
    • 1949 – Rory MacDonald, Scottish singer-songwriter and bass player
    • 1949 – Maureen McGovern, American singer and actress
    • 1949 – Robert Rankin, English author and illustrator
    • 1950 – Simon Jones, English actor
    • 1951 – Roseanna Cunningham, Scottish lawyer and politician, Minister for Community Safety and Legal Affairs
    • 1951 – Bob Diamond, American-English banker and businessman
    • 1951 – Rolf Thung, Dutch tennis player
    • 1952 – Marvin Barnes, American basketball player (d. 2014)
    • 1952 – Roxanne Hart, American actress
    • 1953 – Chung Dong-young, South Korean journalist and politician, 31st South Korean Minister of Unification
    • 1953 – Yahoo Serious, Australian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1954 – Philippe Alliot, French race car driver and sportscaster
    • 1954 – G. S. Bali, Indian lawyer and politician
    • 1954 – Ricardo Uceda, Peruvian journalist and author
    • 1954 – Mark Stanway, English keyboard player Magnum
    • 1955 – Cat Bauer, American journalist, author, and playwright
    • 1955 – Allan Border, Australian cricketer and coach
    • 1955 – John Howell, English journalist and politician
    • 1955 – Bobby Rondinelli, American drummer
    • 1956 – Carol Leifer, American actress, comedian, screenwriter, and producer
    • 1957 – Bill Engvall, American comedian, actor, and producer
    • 1958 – Christopher Dean, English figure skater and choreographer
    • 1958 – Kimmo Hakola, Finnish composer
    • 1959 – Joe DeSa, American baseball player (d. 1986)
    • 1959 – Hugh Green, American football player
    • 1959 – Yiannos Papantoniou, French-Greek economist and politician, Greek Minister of National Defence
    • 1960 – Jo Durie, English tennis player and sportscaster
    • 1960 – Conway Savage, Australian singer-songwriter and keyboard player (d. 2018)
    • 1960 – Emily Thornberry, English lawyer and politician
    • 1961 – Ed Orgeron, American football coach[4]
    • 1962 – Neil Brooks, Australian swimmer
    • 1962 – Karl Mueller, American bass player (d. 2005)
    • 1963 – Donnie Yen, Chinese-Hong Kong actor, director, producer, and martial artist
    • 1964 – Rex Brown, American bass player and songwriter
    • 1965 – José Luis Chilavert, Paraguayan footballer
    • 1966 – Steve Tilson, English footballer and manager
    • 1967 – Rahul Bose, Indian journalist, actor, director, and screenwriter
    • 1967 – Juliana Hatfield, American singer-songwriter and musician
    • 1967 – Hans Mathisen, Norwegian guitarist and composer
    • 1967 – Neil Smith, English cricketer
    • 1967 – Craig Wolanin, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1968 – Maria Grazia Cucinotta, Italian actress and producer
    • 1968 – Tom Goodwin, American baseball player and coach
    • 1968 – Sabina Jeschke, Swedish-German engineer and academic
    • 1968 – Julian McMahon, Australian actor and producer
    • 1968 – Ricardo Rosset, Brazilian race car driver
    • 1969 – Triple H, American wrestler and actor
    • 1969 – Jonty Rhodes, South African cricketer and coach
    • 1970 – Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Danish actor and producer
    • 1970 – David Davies, English-Welsh politician
    • 1971 – Matthew Johns, Australian rugby league player, sportscaster and television host
    • 1972 – Clint Robinson, Australian kayaker[5]
    • 1972 – Maya Rudolph, American actress
    • 1972 – Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, Malaysian surgeon and astronaut
    • 1973 – Cassandra Clare, American journalist and author
    • 1973 – Erik Nys, Belgian long jumper
    • 1973 – Gorden Tallis, Australian rugby league player and coach
    • 1974 – Eason Chan, Hong Kong singer, actor, and producer
    • 1974 – Pete Yorn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1975 – Serkan Çeliköz, Turkish keyboard player and songwriter
    • 1975 – Shea Hillenbrand, American baseball player
    • 1975 – Fred Mascherino, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1975 – Alessandro Pistone, Italian footballer
    • 1975 – Alex Rodriguez, American baseball player
    • 1976 – Demis Hassabis, English computer scientist and academic
    • 1976 – Scott Mason, Australian cricketer (d. 2005)
    • 1977 – Foo Swee Chin, Singaporean illustrator
    • 1977 – Björn Dreyer, German footballer
    • 1977 – Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Irish actor
    • 1978 – Diarmuid O’Sullivan, Irish hurler and manager
    • 1979 – Marielle Franco, Brazilian politician, feminist, and human rights activist (d. 2018)
    • 1979 – Jorge Arce, Mexican boxer
    • 1979 – Sidney Govou, French footballer
    • 1979 – Shannon Moore, American wrestler and singer
    • 1980 – Allan Davis, Australian cyclist
    • 1980 – Wesley Gonzales, Filipino basketball player
    • 1981 – Susan King Borchardt, American basketball player
    • 1981 – Collins Obuya, Kenyan cricketer
    • 1981 – Dash Snow, American painter and photographer (d. 2009)
    • 1981 – Christopher Weselek, German rugby player
    • 1982 – Neil Harbisson, English-Catalan painter, composer, and activist
    • 1983 – Lorik Cana, Albanian footballer
    • 1983 – Martijn Maaskant, Dutch cyclist
    • 1983 – Goran Pandev, Macedonian footballer
    • 1983 – Soccor Velho, Indian footballer (d. 2013)
    • 1984 – Antoine Bethea, American football player
    • 1984 – Tsuyoshi Nishioka, Japanese baseball player
    • 1984 – Max Scherzer, American baseball player
    • 1984 – Taylor Schilling, American actress
    • 1984 – Kenny Wormald, American actor, dancer, and choreographer
    • 1985 – Husain Abdullah, American football player
    • 1985 – Matteo Pratichetti, Italian rugby player
    • 1985 – Ajmal Shahzad, English cricketer
    • 1986 – DeMarre Carroll, American basketball player
    • 1986 – Ryan Flaherty, American baseball player
    • 1986 – Ryan Griffen, Australian footballer
    • 1987 – Jacoby Ford, American football player
    • 1987 – Marek Hamšík, Slovak footballer
    • 1987 – Jordan Hill, American basketball player
    • 1987 – Sarah Parsons, American ice hockey player
    • 1988 – Adam Biddle, Australian footballer
    • 1988 – Yoervis Medina, Venezuelan baseball player
    • 1988 – Ryan Tannehill, American football player
    • 1989 – Maya Ali, Pakistani actress
    • 1990 – Nick Hogan, American race car driver and actor
    • 1990 – Paolo Hurtado, Peruvian footballer
    • 1990 – Cheyenne Kimball, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1990 – Stephen Li-Chung Kuo, Taiwanese-American figure skater
    • 1990 – Kriti Sanon, Indian actress
    • 1991 – Rena Matsui, Japanese actress and singer
    • 1993 – Reagan Campbell-Gillard, Australian rugby league player
    • 1993 – Max Power, English footballer
    • 1993 – Jordan Spieth, American golfer
    • 2001 – Shin Ki-joon, South Korean actor

    Deaths on July 27

    • 903 – Abdallah II of Ifriqiya, Aghlabid emir
    • 959 – Chai Rong, emperor of Later Zhou
    • 1144 – Salomea of Berg, High Duchess consort of Poland[6]
    • 1061 – Nicholas II, pope of the Catholic Church
    • 1101 – Conrad II, king of Italy (b. 1074)
    • 1101 – Hugh d’Avranches, Earl of Chester (b. c. 1047)
    • 1158 – Geoffrey VI, Count of Anjou (b. 1134)
    • 1276 – James I of Aragon (b. 1208)
    • 1365 – Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1339)
    • 1382 – Joanna I of Naples (b. 1326)
    • 1510 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian condottiere (b. 1466)
    • 1469 – William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (b. 1423)
    • 1656 – Salomo Glassius, German theologian and critic (b. 1593)
    • 1675 – Henri de la Tour d’Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, French general (b. 1611)
    • 1689 – John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Scottish general (b. c. 1648)[7]
    • 1759 – Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician and philosopher (b. 1698)
    • 1770 – Robert Dinwiddie, Scottish merchant and politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b. 1693)
    • 1841 – Mikhail Lermontov, Russian poet and painter (b. 1814)
    • 1844 – John Dalton, English physicist, meteorologist, and chemist (b. 1776)
    • 1863 – William Lowndes Yancey, American journalist and politician (b. 1813)
    • 1865 – Jean-Joseph Dassy, French painter and lithographer (b. 1791)
    • 1875 – Aleksander Kunileid, Estonian composer and educator (b. 1845)
    • 1876 – Albertus van Raalte, Dutch-born American minister and author (b. 1811)
    • 1883 – Montgomery Blair, American lieutenant and politician, 20th United States Postmaster General (b. 1813)
    • 1916 – Charles Fryatt, English captain (b. 1872)
    • 1916 – William Jonas, English footballer (d. 1890)
    • 1917 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1841)
    • 1921 – Myrddin Fardd, Welsh writer and antiquarian scholar (b. 1836)
    • 1924 – Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1866)
    • 1931 – Auguste Forel, Swiss neuroanatomist and psychiatrist (b. 1848)
    • 1938 – Tom Crean, Irish seaman and explorer (b. 1877)
    • 1941 – Alfred Henry O’Keeffe, New Zealand painter and educator (b. 1858)
    • 1942 – Karl Pärsimägi, Estonian painter (b. 1902)
    • 1946 – Gertrude Stein, American novelist, poet, and playwright (b. 1874)
    • 1948 – Woolf Barnato, English race car driver and businessman (b. 1898)
    • 1948 – Joe Tinker, American baseball player and manager (b. 1880)
    • 1948 – Dorothea Bleek, South African anthropologist and philologist (b. 1873)
    • 1951 – Paul Kogerman, Estonian chemist and politician, 22nd Estonian Minister of Education (b. 1891)
    • 1958 – Claire Lee Chennault, American general and pilot (b. 1893)
    • 1960 – Julie Vinter Hansen, Danish-Swiss astronomer and academic (b. 1890)
    • 1962 – Richard Aldington, English poet and author (b. 1892)
    • 1962 – James H. Kindelberger, American pilot and businessman (b. 1895)
    • 1963 – Hooks Dauss, American baseball player (b. 1889)
    • 1963 – Garrett Morgan, African-American inventor (b. 1877)
    • 1964 – Winifred Lenihan, American actress, writer, and director (b. 1898)
    • 1965 – Daniel-Rops, French historian and author (b. 1901)
    • 1968 – Babe Adams, American baseball player and manager (b. 1882)
    • 1970 – António de Oliveira Salazar, Portuguese economist and politician, 100th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1889)
    • 1971 – Charlie Tully, Irish footballer and manager (b. 1924)
    • 1975 – Alfred Duraiappah, Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer and politician (d. 1926)
    • 1978 – Bob Heffron, New Zealand-Australian miner and politician, 30th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1890)
    • 1978 – Willem van Otterloo, Dutch cellist, composer, and conductor (b. 1907)
    • 1980 – Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iranian king (b. 1919)
    • 1981 – William Wyler, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1902)
    • 1984 – James Mason, English actor (b. 1909)
    • 1985 – Smoky Joe Wood, American baseball player and coach (b. 1889)
    • 1987 – Travis Jackson, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1903)
    • 1988 – Frank Zamboni, American inventor and businessman, founded the Zamboni Company (b. 1901)
    • 1990 – Bobby Day, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b. 1928)
    • 1990 – René Toribio, Guadeloupean politician (b. 1912)
    • 1991 – John Friedrich, German-Australian engineer and conman (b. 1950)
    • 1992 – Max Dupain, Australian photographer and educator (b. 1911)
    • 1992 – Tzeni Karezi, Greek actress and screenwriter
    • 1993 – Reggie Lewis, American basketball player (b. 1965)
    • 1994 – Kevin Carter, South African photographer and journalist (b. 1960)
    • 1995 – Melih Esenbel, Turkish politician and diplomat, 20th Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1915)
    • 1995 – Rick Ferrell, American baseball player and coach (b. 1905)
    • 1995 – Miklós Rózsa, Hungarian-American composer and conductor (b. 1907)
    • 1998 – Binnie Barnes, English-American actress (b. 1903)
    • 1999 – Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Russian mathematician, physicist, and mountaineer (b. 1912)
    • 1999 – Harry Edison, American trumpet player (b. 1915)
    • 2000 – Gordon Solie, American sportscaster (b. 1929)
    • 2001 – Rhonda Sing, Canadian wrestler (b. 1961)
    • 2001 – Leon Wilkeson, American bass player and songwriter (b. 1952)
    • 2003 – Vance Hartke, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (b. 1919)
    • 2003 – Bob Hope, English-American actor, comedian, television personality, and businessman (b. 1903)
    • 2005 – Al Held, American painter and academic (b. 1928)
    • 2005 – Marten Toonder, Dutch author and illustrator (b. 1912)
    • 2006 – Maryann Mahaffey, American academic and politician (b. 1925)
    • 2007 – James Oyebola, Nigerian-English boxer (b. 1961)
    • 2008 – Youssef Chahine, Egyptian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1926)
    • 2008 – Horst Stein, German-born Swiss conductor (b. 1928)
    • 2008 – Isaac Saba Raffoul, Mexican businessman (b. 1923)
    • 2010 – Maury Chaykin, American-Canadian actor (b. 1949)
    • 2010 – Jack Tatum, American football player (b. 1948)
    • 2012 – Norman Alden, American actor (b. 1924)
    • 2012 – R. G. Armstrong, American actor and playwright (b. 1917)
    • 2012 – Darryl Cotton, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1949)
    • 2012 – Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (b. 1944)
    • 2012 – Tony Martin, American actor and singer (b. 1913)
    • 2012 – Jack Taylor, English footballer and referee (b. 1930)
    • 2013 – Fernando Alonso, Cuban dancer, co-founded the Cuban National Ballet (b. 1914)
    • 2013 – Lindy Boggs, American politician and diplomat, 5th United States Ambassador to the Holy See (b. 1916)
    • 2013 – Bud Day, American colonel and pilot, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1925)
    • 2013 – Kidd Kraddick, American radio host (b. 1959)
    • 2013 – Ilya Segalovich, Russian businessman, co-founded Yandex (b. 1964)
    • 2014 – Richard Bolt, New Zealand air marshal and pilot (b. 1923)
    • 2014 – George Freese, American baseball player and coach (b. 1926)
    • 2014 – Wallace Jones, American basketball player and coach (b. 1926)
    • 2014 – Francesco Marchisano, Italian cardinal (b. 1929)
    • 2014 – Paul Schell, American lawyer and politician, 50th Mayor of Seattle (b. 1937)
    • 2015 – Rickey Grundy, American singer-songwriter (b. 1959)
    • 2015 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Indian engineer, academic, and politician, 11th President of India (b. 1931)
    • 2015 – Samuel Pisar, Polish-born American lawyer and author (b. 1929)
    • 2015 – Anthony Shaw, English general (b. 1930)
    • 2016 – Einojuhani Rautavaara, Finnish composer (b.1928)[8]
    • 2016 – James Alan McPherson, American short story writer and essayist (b. 1943)[9]
    • 2016 – Jerry Doyle, American actor and talk show host (b. 1956)[10]
    • 2016 – Piet de Jong, Dutch politician and naval officer, Minister of Defence (1963–67), Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1967–71) (b. 1915)[11]
    • 2017 – Sam Shepard, American playwright, actor, author, screenwriter, and director (b.1943)[12]
    • 2018 – Marco Aurelio Denegri, Peruvian literature critic, television host and sexologist[13]
    • 2018 – Rahim Uddin Bharosha, Bangladeshi politician (b. 1934)

    Holidays and observances on July 27

    • Christian feast day:
      • Arethas (Western Christianity)
      • Aurelius and Natalia and companions of the Martyrs of Córdoba.
      • Maurus, Pantalemon, and Sergius
      • Pantaleon
      • Seven Sleepers of Ephesus (Roman Martyrology)
        • National Sleepy Head Day (Finland)
      • Theobald of Marly
      • Blessed Titus Brandsma, O.Carm.
      • July 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War (North Korea)
    • Iglesia ni Cristo Day (the Philippines)
    • José Celso Barbosa Day (Puerto Rico)
    • Martyrs and Wounded Soldiers Day (Vietnam)
    • National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day (United States)

  • July 19 – History, Events, Births, Deaths Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
    • 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital.
    • 711 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Battle of Guadalete: Umayyad forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by King Roderic.
    • 939 – Battle of Simancas: King Ramiro II of León defeats the Moorish army under Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III near the city of Simancas.
    • 998 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Battle of Apamea: Fatimids defeat a Byzantine army near Apamea.
    • 1333 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Halidon Hill: The English win a decisive victory over the Scots.
    • 1544 – Italian War of 1542–46: The first Siege of Boulogne begins.
    • 1545 – The Tudor warship Mary Rose sinks off Portsmouth; in 1982 the wreck is salvaged in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology.
    • 1553 – Lady Jane Grey is replaced by Mary I of England as Queen of England after only nine days on the throne.
    • 1588 – Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is sighted in the English Channel.
    • 1701 – Representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy sign the Nanfan Treaty, ceding a large territory north of the Ohio River to England.
    • 1702 – Great Northern War: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of Augustus II the Strong, operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King Charles XII in the Battle of Klissow.
    • 1817 – Unsuccessful in his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Hawaii for the Russian-American Company, Georg Anton Schäffer is forced to admit defeat and leave Kauai.
    • 1821 – Coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom.
    • 1832 – The British Medical Association is founded as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association by Sir Charles Hastings at a meeting in the Board Room of the Worcester Infirmary.
    • 1843 – Brunel’s steamship the SS Great Britain is launched, becoming the first ocean-going craft with an iron hull and screw propeller, becoming the largest vessel afloat in the world.
    • 1845 – Great New York City Fire of 1845: The last great fire to affect Manhattan began early in the morning and was subdued that afternoon. The fire killed four firefighters, 26 civilians, and destroyed 345 buildings.
    • 1848 – Women’s rights: A two-day Women’s Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York.
    • 1863 – American Civil War: Morgan’s Raid: At Buffington Island in Ohio, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan’s raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are captured while trying to escape across the Ohio River.
    • 1864 – Taiping Rebellion: Third Battle of Nanking: The Qing dynasty finally defeats the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
    • 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.
    • 1900 – The first line of the Paris Métro opens for operation.
    • 1903 – Maurice Garin wins the first Tour de France.
    • 1916 – World War I: Battle of Fromelles: British and Australian troops attack German trenches as part of the Battle of the Somme.
    • 1936 – Spanish Civil War: The CNT and UGT call a general strike in Spain – mobilizing workers’ militias against the Nationalist forces.
    • 1940 – World War II: Battle of Cape Spada: The Royal Navy and the Regia Marina clash; the Italian light cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni sinks, with 121 casualties.
    • 1940 – Field Marshal Ceremony: First occasion in World War II, that Hitler appointed field marshals due to military achievements.
    • 1940 – World War II: Army order 112 forms the Intelligence Corps of the British Army.
    • 1942 – World War II: The Second Happy Time of Hitler’s submarines comes to an end, as the increasingly effective American convoy system compels them to return to the central Atlantic.
    • 1943 – World War II: Rome is heavily bombed by more than 500 Allied aircraft, inflicting thousands of casualties.
    • 1947 – Prime Minister of the shadow Burmese government, Bogyoke Aung San and eight others are assassinated.
    • 1947 – Korean politician Lyuh Woon-hyung is assassinated.
    • 1952 – Opening of the Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.
    • 1961 – Tunisia imposes a blockade on the French naval base at Bizerte; the French would capture the entire town four days later.
    • 1963 – Joe Walker flies a North American X-15 to a record altitude of 106,010 meters (347,800 feet) on X-15 Flight 90. Exceeding an altitude of 100 km, this flight qualifies as a human spaceflight under international convention.
    • 1964 – Vietnam War: At a rally in Saigon, South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Khánh calls for expanding the war into North Vietnam.
    • 1969 – Chappaquiddick incident: U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy crashes his car into a tidal pond at Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, killing his passenger Mary Jo Kopechne.
    • 1972 – Dhofar Rebellion: British SAS units help the Omani government against Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman rebels in the Battle of Mirbat.
    • 1976 – Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal is created.
    • 1977 – The world’s first Global Positioning System (GPS) signal was transmitted from Navigation Technology Satellite 2 (NTS-2) and received at Rockwell Collins in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, at 12:41 a.m. Eastern time (ET).
    • 1979 – The Sandinista rebels overthrow the government of the Somoza family in Nicaragua.
    • 1979 – The oil tanker SS Atlantic Empress collides with another oil tanker, causing the largest ever ship-borne oil spill.
    • 1980 – Opening of the Summer Olympics in Moscow.
    • 1981 – In a private meeting with U.S. President Ronald Reagan, French President François Mitterrand reveals the existence of the Farewell Dossier, a collection of documents showing the Soviet Union had been stealing American technological research and development.
    • 1982 – In one of the first militant attacks by Hezbollah, David S. Dodge, president of the American University of Beirut, is kidnapped.
    • 1983 – The first three-dimensional reconstruction of a human head in a CT is published.
    • 1985 – The Val di Stava dam collapses killing 268 people in Val di Stava, Italy.
    • 1989 – United Airlines Flight 232 crashes in Sioux City, Iowa killing 111.
    • 1992 – A car bomb kills Judge Paolo Borsellino and five members of his escort.
    • 1997 – The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army resumes a ceasefire to end their 25-year paramilitary campaign to end British rule in Northern Ireland.
    • 2014 – Gunmen in Egypt’s western desert province of New Valley Governorate attack a military checkpoint, killing at least 21 soldiers. Egypt reportedly declares a state of emergency on its border with Sudan.

    Births on July 19

    • 810 – Muhammad al-Bukhari, Persian scholar (d. 870)
    • 1223 – Baibars, sultan of Egypt (d. 1277)
    • 1420 – William VIII, Marquess of Montferrat (d. 1483)
    • 1569 – Conrad Vorstius, Dutch theologian (d. 1622)
    • 1670 – Richard Leveridge, English singer-songwriter (d. 1758)
    • 1688 – Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian missionary and painter (d. 1766)
    • 1744 – Heinrich Christian Boie, German author and poet (d. 1806)
    • 1759 – Marianna Auenbrugger, Austrian pianist and composer (d. 1782)
    • 1759 – Seraphim of Sarov, Russian monk and saint (d. 1833)
    • 1771 – Thomas Talbot, Irish-Canadian colonel and politician (d. 1853)
    • 1794 – José Justo Corro, Mexican politician and president, (1836-1837) (d. 1864)
    • 1789 – John Martin, English painter, engraver, and illustrator (d. 1854)
    • 1800 – Juan José Flores, Venezuelan general and politician, 1st President of Ecuador (d. 1864)
    • 1814 – Samuel Colt, American businessman, founded the Colt’s Manufacturing Company (d. 1862)
    • 1819 – Gottfried Keller, Swiss author, poet, and playwright (d. 1890)
    • 1822 – Princess Augusta of Cambridge (d. 1916)
    • 1827 – Mangal Pandey, Indian soldier (d. 1857)
    • 1834 – Edgar Degas, French painter, sculptor, and illustrator (d. 1917)
    • 1835 – Justo Rufino Barrios, Guatemalan president (d. 1885)
    • 1842 – Frederic T. Greenhalge, English-American lawyer and politician, 38th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1896)
    • 1846 – Edward Charles Pickering, American astronomer and physicist (d. 1919)
    • 1849 – Ferdinand Brunetière, French scholar and critic (d. 1906)
    • 1865 – Georges Friedel, French mineralogist and crystallographer (d. 1933)
    • 1865 – Charles Horace Mayo, American surgeon, founded the Mayo Clinic (d. 1939)
    • 1860 – Lizzie Borden, American woman, tried and acquitted for the murders of her parents in 1892 (d. 1927)
    • 1868 – Florence Foster Jenkins, American soprano and educator (d. 1944)
    • 1869 – Xenophon Stratigos, Greek general and politician, Greek Minister of Transport (d. 1927)
    • 1875 – Alice Dunbar Nelson, African-American poet and activist (d. 1935)
    • 1876 – Joseph Fielding Smith, American religious leader, 10th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1972)
    • 1877 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (d. 1949)
    • 1881 – Friedrich Dessauer, German physicist and philosopher (d. 1963)
    • 1883 – Max Fleischer, Austrian-American animator and producer (d. 1972)
    • 1886 – Michael Fekete, Hungarian-Israeli mathematician and academic (d. 1957)
    • 1888 – Enno Lolling, German physician (d. 1945)
    • 1890 – George II of Greece (d. 1947)
    • 1892 – Dick Irvin, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1957)
    • 1893 – Vladimir Mayakovsky, Russian actor, playwright, and poet (d. 1930)
    • 1894 – Aleksandr Khinchin, Russian mathematician and academic (d. 1959)
    • 1894 – Khawaja Nazimuddin, Bangladeshi-Pakistani politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1965)
    • 1894 – Percy Spencer, American physicist and inventor of the microwave oven (d. 1969)
    • 1895 – Xu Beihong, Chinese painter and academic (d. 1953)
    • 1896 – Reginald Baker, English film producer (d. 1985)
    • 1896 – A. J. Cronin, Scottish physician and novelist (d. 1981)
    • 1896 – Bob Meusel, American baseball player and sailor (d. 1977)
    • 1898 – Herbert Marcuse, German-American sociologist and philosopher (d. 1979)
    • 1899 – Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay, Indian physician, author, poet, and playwright (d. 1979)
    • 1902 – Samudrala Raghavacharya, Indian singer, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1968)
    • 1904 – Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, American lawyer and farmer (d. 1985)
    • 1907 – Isabel Jewell, American actress (d. 1972)
    • 1908 – Daniel Fry, American contactee (d. 1992)
    • 1909 – Balamani Amma, Indian poet and author (d. 2004)
    • 1912 – Peter Leo Gerety, American prelate (d. 2016)
    • 1914 – Marius Russo, American baseball player (d. 2005)
    • 1915 – Åke Hellman, Finnish painter (d. 2017)
    • 1916 – Phil Cavarretta, American baseball player and manager (d. 2010)
    • 1917 – William Scranton, American captain and politician, 13th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 2013)
    • 1919 – Patricia Medina, English-American actress (d. 2012)
    • 1919 – Miltos Sachtouris, Greek poet and author (d. 2005)
    • 1919 – Ron Searle, English-Canadian soldier, publisher, and politician, 4th Mayor of Mississauga (d. 2015)
    • 1920 – Robert Mann, American violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 2018)
    • 1920 – Richard Oriani, Salvadoran-American metallurgist and engineer (d. 2015)
    • 1921 – Harold Camping, American evangelist, author, radio host (d. 2013)
    • 1921 – André Moynet, French soldier, race car driver, and politician (d. 1993)
    • 1921 – Elizabeth Spencer, American novelist, short story writer, and playwright (d. 2019)
    • 1921 – Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2011)
    • 1922 – George McGovern, American lieutenant, historian, and politician (d. 2012)
    • 1922 – Rachel Robinson, American professor, registered nurse, and the widow of baseball player Jackie Robinson
    • 1923 – Theo Barker, English historian (d. 2001)
    • 1923 – Alex Hannum, American basketball player and coach (d. 2002)
    • 1923 – Joseph Hansen, American author and poet (d. 2004)
    • 1923 – William A. Rusher, American lawyer and journalist (d. 2011)
    • 1923 – Lon Simmons, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2015)
    • 1924 – Stanley K. Hathaway, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 40th United States Secretary of the Interior (d. 2005)
    • 1924 – Pat Hingle, American actor and producer (d. 2009)
    • 1924 – Arthur Rankin Jr., American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2014)
    • 1925 – Sue Thompson, American singer
    • 1926 – Helen Gallagher, American actress, singer, and dancer
    • 1928 – Samuel John Hazo, American author
    • 1928 – Choi Yun-chil, South Korean long-distance runner and a two-time national champion in the marathon.
    • 1929 – Gaston Glock, Austrian engineer and businessman, co-founded Glock Ges.m.b.H.
    • 1929 – Orville Turnquest, Bahamian politician
    • 1932 – Buster Benton, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1996)
    • 1932 – Jan Lindblad, Swedish biologist and photographer (d. 1987)
    • 1934 – Francisco de Sá Carneiro, Portuguese lawyer and politician, 111th Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1980)
    • 1935 – Nick Koback, American baseball player and golfer (d. 2015)
    • 1936 – David Colquhoun, English pharmacologist and academic
    • 1937 – George Hamilton IV, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2014)
    • 1938 – Richard Jordan, American actor (d. 1993)
    • 1938 – Jayant Narlikar, Indian astrophysicist and astronomer
    • 1938 – Tom Raworth, English poet and academic (d. 2017)
    • 1941 – Vikki Carr, American singer and actress
    • 1941 – Neelie Kroes, Dutch politician and diplomat, European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society
    • 1943 – Han Sai Por, Singaporean sculptor and academic
    • 1944 – Tim McIntire, American actor and singer (d. 1986)
    • 1944 – Andres Vooremaa, Estonian chess player
    • 1945 – Paule Baillargeon, Canadian actress, director, and screenwriter
    • 1946 – Alan Gorrie, Scottish singer-songwriter and musician (Average White Band)
    • 1946 – Ilie Năstase, Romanian tennis player and politician
    • 1947 – André Forcier, Canadian director and screenwriter
    • 1947 – Hans-Jürgen Kreische, German footballer and manager
    • 1947 – Bernie Leadon, American guitarist and songwriter
    • 1947 – Brian May, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, producer, and astrophysicist
    • 1948 – Keith Godchaux, American keyboard player and songwriter (d. 1980)
    • 1949 – Kgalema Motlanthe, South African politician, 3rd President of South Africa
    • 1950 – Per-Kristian Foss, Norwegian politician, Norwegian Minister of Finance
    • 1950 – Freddy Moore, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1950 – Adrian Noble, English director and screenwriter
    • 1951 – Abel Ferrara, American director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1952 – Allen Collins, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 1990)
    • 1952 – Jayne Anne Phillips American novelist and short story writer
    • 1954 – Mark O’Donnell, American playwright (d. 2012)
    • 1954 – Steve O’Donnell, American screenwriter and producer
    • 1954 – Srđa Trifković, Serbian-American journalist and historian
    • 1955 – Roger Binny, Indian cricketer and sportscaster
    • 1955 – Dalton McGuinty, Canadian lawyer and politician, 24th Premier of Ontario
    • 1956 – Mark Crispin, American computer scientist, designed the IMAP (d. 2012)
    • 1958 – Brad Drewett, Australian tennis player and sportscaster (d. 2013)
    • 1958 – Robert Gibson, American wrestler
    • 1958 – David Robertson, American conductor
    • 1959 – Juan J. Campanella, Argentinian director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1960 – Atom Egoyan, Egyptian-Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1960 – Kevin Haskins, English drummer and songwriter
    • 1961 – Harsha Bhogle, Indian journalist and author
    • 1961 – Maria Filatova, Russian gymnast
    • 1961 – Lisa Lampanelli, American comedian, actress, and author
    • 1961 – Benoît Mariage, Belgian director and screenwriter
    • 1961 – Hideo Nakata, Japanese director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1961 – Campbell Scott, American actor, director, and producer
    • 1962 – Anthony Edwards, American actor and director
    • 1963 – Thomas Gabriel Fischer, Swiss musician
    • 1963 – Garth Nix, Australian author
    • 1964 – Teresa Edwards, American basketball player
    • 1964 – Masahiko Kondō, Japanese singer-songwriter and race car driver
    • 1965 – Evelyn Glennie, Scottish musician
    • 1965 – Claus-Dieter Wollitz, German footballer and manager
    • 1967 – Yael Abecassis, Israeli model and actress
    • 1967 – Jean-François Mercier, Canadian comedian, screenwriter, and television host
    • 1968 – Robb Flynn, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
    • 1968 – Pavel Kuka, Czech footballer and manager
    • 1968 – Jim Norton, American comedian, actor, and author
    • 1969 – Matthew Libatique, American cinematographer
    • 1970 – Bill Chen, American poker player and software designer
    • 1970 – Nicola Sturgeon, Scottish lawyer and politician, First Minister of Scotland
    • 1971 – Rene Busch, Estonian tennis player and coach
    • 1971 – Vitali Klitschko, Ukrainian boxer and politician, Mayor of Kiev
    • 1971 – Michael Modest, American wrestler
    • 1971 – Catriona Rowntree, Australian television host
    • 1971 – Lesroy Weekes, Montserratian cricketer
    • 1972 – Ebbe Sand, Danish footballer and manager
    • 1973 – Martin Powell, English keyboard player and songwriter
    • 1973 – Scott Walker, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
    • 1974 – Rey Bucanero, Mexican wrestler
    • 1974 – Francisco Copado, German footballer and manager
    • 1974 – Josée Piché, Canadian ice dancer
    • 1974 – Vince Spadea, American tennis player
    • 1974 – Preston Wilson, American baseball player and sportscaster
    • 1975 – Luca Castellazzi, Italian footballer
    • 1976 – Benedict Cumberbatch, English actor
    • 1976 – Gonzalo de los Santos, Uruguayan footballer and manager
    • 1977 – Jean-Sébastien Aubin, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1977 – Tony Mamaluke, American wrestler and manager
    • 1977 – Ed Smith, English cricketer and journalist
    • 1979 – Rick Ankiel, American baseball player
    • 1979 – Josué Anunciado de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer
    • 1979 – Dilhara Fernando, Sri Lankan cricketer
    • 1979 – Luke Young, English footballer
    • 1980 – Xavier Malisse, Belgian tennis player
    • 1980 – Giorgio Mondini, Italian race car driver
    • 1981 – Nenê, Brazilian footballer
    • 1981 – David Bernard, Jamaican cricketer
    • 1981 – Mark Gasnier, Australian rugby player and sportscaster
    • 1981 – Jimmy Gobble, American baseball player
    • 1981 – Grégory Vignal, French footballer
    • 1982 – Christopher Bear, American drummer
    • 1982 – Phil Coke, American baseball player
    • 1982 – Jared Padalecki, American actor
    • 1982 – Jess Vanstrattan, Australian footballer
    • 1983 – Helen Skelton, English television host and actress
    • 1983 – Fedor Tyutin, Russian ice hockey player
    • 1984 – Andrea Libman, Canadian voice actress
    • 1984 – Adam Morrison, American basketball player
    • 1984 – Ryan O’Byrne, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1984 – Lewis Price, Welsh footballer
    • 1985 – LaMarcus Aldridge, American basketball player
    • 1985 – Zhou Haibin, Chinese footballer
    • 1985 – Marina Kuzina, Russian basketball player
    • 1985 – Hadi Norouzi, Iranian footballer (d. 2015)
    • 1986 – Leandro Greco, Italian footballer
    • 1987 – Jon Jones, American mixed martial artist
    • 1987 – Marc Murphy, Australian footballer
    • 1988 – Shane Dawson, American comedian and actor
    • 1988 – Kevin Großkreutz, German footballer
    • 1988 – Jakub Kovář, Czech ice hockey player
    • 1989 – Sam McKendry, Australian-New Zealand rugby league player
    • 1991 – Eray İşcan, Turkish footballer
    • 1992 – Jake Nicholson, English footballer
    • 1994 – Christian Welch, Australian rugby league player
    • 1998 – Erin Cuthbert, footballer
    • 1998 – Ronaldo Vieira, Bissau-Guinean footballer

    Deaths on July 19

    • 514 – Symmachus, pope of the Catholic Church
    • 806 – Li Shigu, Chinese general (b. 778)
    • 973 – Kyunyeo, Korean monk and poet (b. 917)
    • 998 – Damian Dalassenos, Byzantine general (b. 940)
    • 1030 – Adalberon, French bishop
    • 1234 – Floris IV, Dutch nobleman (b. 1210)
    • 1249 – Jacopo Tiepolo, doge of Venice
    • 1333 – John Campbell, Scottish nobleman
    • 1333 – Alexander Bruce, Scottish nobleman
    • 1333 – Sir Archibald Douglas, Scottish nobleman
    • 1333 – Maol Choluim II, Scottish nobleman
    • 1333 – Kenneth de Moravia, 4th Earl of Sutherland
    • 1374 – Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar (b. 1304)
    • 1415 – Philippa of Lancaster, Portuguese queen (b. 1360)
    • 1543 – Mary Boleyn, English daughter of Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (b. 1499)
    • 1631 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher and academic (b. 1550)
    • 1742 – William Somervile, English poet and author (b. 1675)
    • 1810 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prussian queen (b. 1776)
    • 1814 – Matthew Flinders, English navigator and cartographer (b. 1774)
    • 1824 – Agustín de Iturbide, Mexican general and emperor (b. 1783)
    • 1838 – Pierre Louis Dulong, French physicist and chemist (b. 1785)
    • 1850 – Margaret Fuller, American journalist and critic (b. 1810)
    • 1855 – Konstantin Batyushkov, Russian poet and translator (b. 1787)
    • 1857 – Stefano Franscini, Swiss statistician and politician (b. 1796)
    • 1878 – Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev, Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1847)
    • 1896 – Abraham H. Cannon, American publisher and religious leader (b. 1859)
    • 1913 – Clímaco Calderón, Colombian lawyer and politician, 15th President of Colombia (b. 1852)
    • 1925 – John Indermaur, British lawyer (b. 1851)
    • 1930 – Robert Stout, Scottish-New Zealand politician, 13th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1844)
    • 1933 – Kaarle Krohn, Finnish historian and academic (b. 1863)
    • 1939 – Rose Hartwick Thorpe, American poet and author (b. 1850)
    • 1943 – Yekaterina Budanova, Russian captain and pilot (b. 1916)
    • 1947 – U Razak, Burmese educator and politician (b. 1898)
    • 1947 – Aung San, Burmese general and politician (b. 1915)
    • 1947 – Lyuh Woon-hyung, South Korean politician (b. 1886)
    • 1963 – William Andrew, English priest (b. 1884)
    • 1965 – Syngman Rhee, South Korean journalist and politician, 1st President of South Korea (b. 1875)
    • 1967 – Odell Shepard, American poet and politician, 66th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (b. 1884)
    • 1969 – Stratis Myrivilis, Greek soldier and author (b. 1890)
    • 1974 – Ernő Schwarz, Hungarian-American soccer player and coach (b. 1904)
    • 1975 – Lefty Frizzell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1928)
    • 1977 – Karl Ristikivi, Estonian geographer, author, and poet (b. 1912)
    • 1980 – Margaret Craven, American journalist and author (b. 1901)
    • 1980 – Nihat Erim, Turkish jurist and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1912)
    • 1980 – Hans Morgenthau, German-American political scientist, philosopher, and academic (b. 1904)
    • 1981 – Roger Doucet, Canadian tenor (b. 1919)
    • 1982 – Hugh Everett III, American physicist and mathematician (b. 1930)
    • 1984 – Faina Ranevskaya, Russian actress (b. 1896)
    • 1984 – Aziz Sami, Iraqi writer and translator (b. 1895)
    • 1985 – Janusz Zajdel, Polish author (b. 1938)
    • 1989 – Kazimierz Sabbat, Polish businessman and politician, President of the Republic of Poland (b. 1913)
    • 1990 – Eddie Quillan, American actor (b. 1907)
    • 1992 – Paolo Borsellino, Italian lawyer and judge (b. 1940)
    • 1994 – Victor Barbeau, Canadian author and academic (b. 1896)
    • 1998 – Elmer Valo, Polish-American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1921)
    • 2002 – Dave Carter, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1952)
    • 2002 – Alan Lomax, American historian, scholar, and activist (b. 1915)
    • 2003 – Bill Bright, American evangelist and author, founded the Campus Crusade for Christ (b. 1921)
    • 2003 – Pierre Graber, Swiss politician, President of the Swiss National Council (b. 1908)
    • 2004 – Sylvia Daoust, Canadian sculptor (b. 1902)
    • 2004 – J. Gordon Edwards, American entomologist, mountaineer, and DDT advocate (b. 1919)
    • 2004 – Francis A. Marzen, American priest, and journalist (b. 1924)
    • 2004 – Zenkō Suzuki, Japanese politician, 70th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1911)
    • 2005 – Edward Bunker, American author and screenwriter (b. 1933)
    • 2006 – Jack Warden, American actor (b. 1920)
    • 2007 – A. K. Faezul Huq, Bangladeshi journalist, lawyer, and politician (b. 1945)
    • 2007 – Roberto Fontanarrosa, Argentinian cartoonist (b. 1944)
    • 2008 – Dercy Gonçalves, Brazilian comedian and actress (b. 1907)
    • 2009 – Frank McCourt, American author and educator (b. 1930)
    • 2009 – Henry Surtees, English race car driver (b. 1991)
    • 2010 – Cécile Aubry, French actress, author, television screenwriter and director (b. 1928)
    • 2010 – Jon Cleary, Australian author and playwright (b. 1917)
    • 2012 – Humayun Ahmed, Bangladeshi director and playwright (b. 1948)
    • 2012 – Tom Davis, American comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1952)
    • 2012 – Mohammad Hassan Ganji, Iranian meteorologist and academic (b. 1912)
    • 2012 – Omar Suleiman, Egyptian general, and politician, 16th Vice President of Egypt (b. 1935)
    • 2012 – Sylvia Woods, American businesswoman, co-founded Sylvia’s Restaurant of Harlem (b. 1926)
    • 2012 – Valiulla Yakupov, Islamic cleric (b. 1963)
    • 2013 – Mikhail Gorsheniov, Russian singer-songwriter (b. 1973)
    • 2013 – Geeto Mongol, Canadian-American wrestler and trainer (b. 1931)
    • 2013 – Mel Smith, English actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1952)
    • 2013 – Bert Trautmann, German footballer and manager (b. 1923)
    • 2013 – Phil Woosnam, Welsh-American soccer player and manager (b. 1932)
    • 2013 – Peter Ziegler, Swiss geologist and academic (b. 1928)
    • 2013 – Leyla Erbil, Turkish author (b. 1931)
    • 2014 – Rubem Alves, Brazilian theologian (b. 1933)
    • 2014 – David Easton, Canadian-American political scientist and academic (b. 1917)
    • 2014 – Paul M. Fleiss, American pediatrician and author (b. 1933)
    • 2014 – James Garner, American actor (b. 1928)
    • 2014 – Jerzy Jurka, Polish biologist (b. 1950)
    • 2014 – Ray King, English footballer and manager (b. 1924)
    • 2014 – Ingemar Odlander, Swedish journalist (b. 1936)
    • 2014 – Harry Pougher, English cricketer (b. 1941)
    • 2014 – Leen Vleggeert, Dutch politician (b. 1931)
    • 2014 – John Winkin, American baseball player, coach, and journalist (b. 1919)
    • 2015 – Van Alexander, American composer and conductor (b. 1915)
    • 2015 – Galina Prozumenshchikova, Ukrainian-Russian swimmer and journalist (b. 1948)
    • 2015 – Carmino Ravosa, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (b. 1930)
    • 2015 – Gennadiy Seleznyov, Russian journalist and politician, 2nd Speaker of the Duma (b. 1947)
    • 2016 – Garry Marshall, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1934)
    • 2018 – Jon Schnepp, American producer, director, voice actor, editor, writer, cartoonist, animator, and cinematographer (b. 1967)
    • 2018 – Denis Ten, Kazakhstani figure skater (b. 1993)
    • 2019 – Rutger Hauer, Dutch actor, director, and producer (b. 1944)

    Holidays and observances on July 19

    • Christian feast day:
      • Arsenius (Catholic Church)
      • Bernold, Bishop of Utrecht
      • Justa and Rufina
      • Kirdjun (or Abakerazum)
      • Macrina the Younger, Sister of St. Basil the Great
      • Symmachus
      • July 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Martyrs’ Day (Myanmar)
    • Sandinista Day or Liberation Day (Nicaragua)

  • May 13 – History, Events, Births, Deaths, Holidays and Observances On This Day

    • 1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book Revelations of Divine Love.
    • 1515 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France, and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, are officially married at Greenwich.
    • 1568 – Battle of Langside: The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots, are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, Earl of Moray, her half-brother.
    • 1619 – Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after being convicted of treason.
    • 1779 – War of the Bavarian Succession: Russian and French mediators at the Congress of Teschen negotiate an end to the war. In the agreement Austria receives the part of its territory that was taken from it (the Innviertel).
    • 1780 – The Cumberland Compact is signed by leaders of the settlers in the Cumberland River area of what would become the U.S. state of Tennessee, providing for democratic government and a formal system of justice.
    • 1787 – Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England, with eleven ships full of convicts (the “First Fleet”) to establish a penal colony in Australia.
    • 1804 – Forces sent by Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli to retake Derna from the Americans attack the city.
    • 1830 – Ecuador gains its independence from Gran Colombia.
    • 1846 – Mexican–American War: The United States declares war on the Federal Republic of Mexico following a dispute over the American annexation of the Republic of Texas and a Mexican military incursion.
    • 1861 – American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a “proclamation of neutrality” which recognizes the Confederacy as having belligerent rights.
    • 1861 – The Great Comet of 1861 is discovered by John Tebbutt of Windsor, New South Wales, Australia.
    • 1861 – Pakistan’s (then a part of British India) first railway line opens, from Karachi to Kotri.
    • 1862 – The USS Planter, a steamer and gunship, steals through Confederate lines and is passed to the Union, by a southern slave, Robert Smalls, who later was officially appointed as captain, becoming the first black man to command a United States ship.
    • 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Resaca: The battle begins with Union General Sherman fighting toward Atlanta.
    • 1865 – American Civil War: Battle of Palmito Ranch: In far south Texas, the last land battle of the Civil War ends with a Confederate victory.
    • 1880 – In Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison performs the first test of his electric railway.
    • 1888 – With the passage of the Lei Áurea (“Golden Law”), Empire of Brazil abolishes slavery.
    • 1909 – The first Giro d’Italia starts from Milan. Italian cyclist Luigi Ganna will be the winner.
    • 1912 – The Royal Flying Corps, the forerunner of the Royal Air Force, is established in the United Kingdom.
    • 1917 – Three children report the first apparition of Our Lady of Fátima in Fátima, Portugal.
    • 1940 – World War II: Germany’s conquest of France begins as the German army crosses the Meuse. Winston Churchill makes his “blood, toil, tears, and sweat” speech to the House of Commons.
    • 1940 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands flees her country to Great Britain after the German invasion. Princess Juliana takes her children to Canada for their safety.
    • 1941 – World War II: Yugoslav royal colonel Dragoljub Mihailović starts fighting against German occupation troops, beginning the Serbian resistance.
    • 1943 – World War II: Operations Vulcan and Strike force the surrender of the last Axis troops in Tunisia.
    • 1948 – Arab–Israeli War: The Kfar Etzion massacre is committed by Arab irregulars, the day before the declaration of independence of the state of Israel on May 14.
    • 1950 – The first round of the Formula One World Championship is held at Silverstone.
    • 1951 – The 400th anniversary of the founding of the National University of San Marcos is commemorated by the opening of the first large-capacity stadium in Peru.
    • 1952 – The Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, holds its first sitting.
    • 1954 – The anti-National Service Riots, by Chinese middle school students in Singapore, take place.
    • 1954 – The original Broadway production of The Pajama Game opens and runs for another 1,063 performances. Later received three Tony Awards for Best Musical, Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical, and Best Choreography.
    • 1958 – During a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, Vice President Richard Nixon’s car is attacked by anti-American demonstrators.
    • 1958 – May 1958 crisis: A group of French military officers lead a coup in Algiers demanding that a government of national unity be formed with Charles de Gaulle at its head in order to defend French control of Algeria.
    • 1958 – Ben Carlin becomes the first (and only) person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle, having travelled over 17,000 kilometres (11,000 mi) by sea and 62,000 kilometres (39,000 mi) by land during a ten-year journey.
    • 1960 – Hundreds of University of California, Berkeley students congregate for the first day of protest against a visit by the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
    • 1967 – Dr. Zakir Husain becomes the third President of India. He is the first Muslim President of the Indian Union. He holds this position until August 24, 1969.
    • 1969 – May 13 Incident involving sectarian violence in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    • 1971 – Over 900 unarmed Bengali Hindus are murdered in the Demra massacre.
    • 1972 – Faulty electrical wiring ignites a fire underneath the Playtown Cabaret in Osaka, Japan. Blocked exits and non-functional elevators lead to 118 fatalities, with many victims leaping to their deaths.
    • 1972 – The Troubles: A car bombing outside a crowded pub in Belfast sparks a two-day gun battle involving the Provisional IRA, Ulster Volunteer Force and British Army. Seven people are killed and over 66 injured.
    • 1980 – An F3 tornado hits Kalamazoo County, Michigan. President Jimmy Carter declares it a federal disaster area.
    • 1981 – Mehmet Ali Ağca attempts to assassinate Pope John Paul II in St. Peter’s Square in Rome. The Pope is rushed to the Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic to undergo emergency surgery and survives.
    • 1985 – Police bombed MOVE headquarters in Philadelphia to end a stand-off, killing six adults and five children, and destroying the homes of 250 city residents.
    • 1989 – Large groups of students occupy Tiananmen Square and begin a hunger strike.
    • 1990 – The Dinamo–Red Star riot took place at Maksimir Stadium in Zagreb, Croatia between the Bad Blue Boys (fans of Dinamo Zagreb) and the Delije (fans of Red Star Belgrade).
    • 1992 – Li Hongzhi gives the first public lecture on Falun Gong in Changchun, People’s Republic of China.
    • 1995 – Alison Hargreaves, a 33-year-old British mother, becomes the first woman to conquer Everest without oxygen or the help of sherpas.
    • 1996 – Severe thunderstorms and a tornado in Bangladesh kill 600 people.
    • 1998 – Race riots break out in Jakarta, Indonesia, where shops owned by Indonesians of Chinese descent are looted and women raped.
    • 1998 – India carries out two nuclear weapon tests at Pokhran, following the three conducted on May 11. The United States and Japan impose economic sanctions on India.
    • 2005 – Andijan uprising, Uzbekistan; Troops open fire on crowds of protestors after a prison break; at least 187 people were killed according to official estimates.
    • 2006 – São Paulo violence: Rebellions occur in several prisons in Brazil.
    • 2011 – Two bombs explode in the Charsadda District of Pakistan killing 98 people and wounding 140 others.
    • 2012 – Forty-nine dismembered bodies are discovered by Mexican authorities on Mexican Federal Highway 40.
    • 2013 – American physician Kermit Gosnell is found guilty in Pennsylvania of murdering three infants born alive during attempted abortions, involuntary manslaughter of a woman during an abortion procedure, and other charges.
    • 2014 – An explosion at an underground coal mine in southwest Turkey kills 301 miners.

    Births on  May 13

    • 1024 – Hugh of Cluny, French abbot and saint (d. 1109)
    • 1179 – Theobald III, Count of Champagne (d. 1201)
    • 1221 – Alexander Nevsky, Russian prince and saint (d. 1263)
    • 1254 – Marie of Brabant, Queen of France (d. 1321)
    • 1453 – Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, Scottish princess (d. 1488)
    • 1588 – Ole Worm, Danish physician and historian (d. 1654)
    • 1597 – Cornelis Schut, Flemish painter, draughtsman and engraver (d. 1655)
    • 1638 – Richard Simon, French priest and scholar (d. 1712)
    • 1699 – Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, Portuguese politician, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1782)
    • 1712 – Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, Danish politician and diplomat (d. 1772)
    • 1713 – Alexis Clairaut, French mathematician, astronomer, and geophysicist (d. 1765)
    • 1717 – Maria Theresa, Archduchess, Queen, and Empress; Austrian wife of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1780)
    • 1730 – Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1782)
    • 1735 – Horace Coignet, French violinist and composer (d. 1821)
    • 1742 – Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (d. 1798)
    • 1753 – Lazare Carnot, French general, mathematician, and politician, French Minister of the Interior (d. 1823)
    • 1792 – Pope Pius IX (d. 1878)
    • 1794 – Louis Léopold Robert, French painter (d. 1835)
    • 1795 – Gérard Paul Deshayes, French geologist and chronologist (d. 1875)
    • 1811 – Juan Bautista Ceballos, President of Mexico (1853) (b. 1859)
    • 1822 – Francis, Duke of Cádiz (d. 1902)
    • 1830 – Zebulon Baird Vance, American colonel, lawyer, and politician, 37th Governor of North Carolina (d. 1894)
    • 1832 – Juris Alunāns, Latvian philologist and author (d. 1864)
    • 1840 – Alphonse Daudet, French author, poet, and playwright (d. 1897)
    • 1842 – Arthur Sullivan, English composer (d. 1900)
    • 1853 – Vaiben Louis Solomon, Australian politician, 21st Premier of South Australia (d. 1908)
    • 1856 – Tom O’Rourke, American boxer and manager (d. 1938)
    • 1857 – Ronald Ross, Indian-English physician and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1932)
    • 1868 – Sumner Paine, American target shooter (d. 1904)
    • 1869 – Mehmet Emin Yurdakul, Turkish writer (d. 1944)
    • 1877 – Robert Hamilton, Scottish international footballer (d. 1948)
    • 1881 – Lima Barreto, Brazilian journalist and author (d. 1922)
    • 1881 – Joe Forshaw, American runner (d. 1964)
    • 1882 – Georges Braque, French painter and sculptor (d. 1963)
    • 1883 – Georgios Papanikolaou, Greek-American pathologist, invented the pap smear (d. 1962)
    • 1884 – Oskar Rosenfeld, Jewish-Austrian writer and Holocaust victim (d.1944)
    • 1885 – Mikiel Gonzi, Maltese archbishop (d. 1984)
    • 1887 – Lorna Hodgkinson, Australian educator and educational psychologist (d. 1951)
    • 1888 – Inge Lehmann, Danish seismologist and geophysicist (d. 1993)
    • 1894 – Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, Icelandic politician, 2nd President of Iceland (d. 1972)
    • 1895 – Nandor Fodor, Hungarian-American psychologist, parapsychologist, and author (d. 1964)
    • 1901 – Murilo Mendes, Brazilian poet and telegrapher (d. 1975)
    • 1904 – Louis Duffus, Australian-South African cricketer and journalist (d. 1984)
    • 1905 – Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, Indian lawyer and politician, 5th President of India (d. 1977)
    • 1907 – Daphne du Maurier, English novelist and playwright (d. 1989)
    • 1908 – Eugen Kapp, Estonian composer and educator (d. 1996)
    • 1909 – Ken Darby, American composer and conductor (d. 1992)
    • 1911 – Robert Middleton, American actor (d. 1977)
    • 1911 – Maxine Sullivan, American singer and actress (d. 1987)
    • 1912 – Gil Evans, Canadian-American pianist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1988)
    • 1912 – Judah Nadich, American colonel and rabbi (d. 2007)
    • 1913 – Robert Dorning, English actor, singer, and dancer (d. 1989)
    • 1913 – Theo Helfrich, German racing driver (d. 1978)
    • 1913 – William R. Tolbert, Jr., Liberian politician, 20th President of Liberia (d. 1980)
    • 1914 – Joe Louis, American boxer (d. 1981)
    • 1914 – Johnnie Wright, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011)
    • 1914 – Antonia Ferrín Moreiras, Spanish mathematician, academic, and astronomer (d. 2009)
    • 1916 – Sachidananda Routray, Indian Oriya-language poet (d. 2004)
    • 1918 – Balasaraswati, Indian dancer and instructor (d. 1984)
    • 1918 – Gwyn Howells, Australian public servant (d. 1997)
    • 1920 – Gareth Morris, English flute player (d. 2007)
    • 1922 – Michael Ainsworth, English cricketer (d. 1978)
    • 1922 – Otl Aicher, German graphic designer and typographer (d. 1991)
    • 1922 – Bea Arthur, American actress and singer (d. 2009)
    • 1923 – Ruth Adler Schnee, German-American textile designer and interior designer
    • 1924 – Theodore Mann, American director and producer (d. 2012)
    • 1924 – Harry Schwarz, South African anti-apartheid leader, lawyer, and Ambassador (d. 2010)
    • 1927 – Archie Scott Brown, Scottish race car driver (d. 1958)
    • 1927 – Fred Hellerman, American folk singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2016)
    • 1927 – Herbert Ross, American actor, director, and producer (d. 2001)
    • 1928 – Enrique Bolaños, Nicaraguan politician, President of Nicaragua
    • 1928 – Édouard Molinaro, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2013)
    • 1929 – John Galvin, American general (d. 2015)
    • 1930 – Mike Gravel, American lieutenant and politician
    • 1930 – José Jiménez Lozano, Spanish journalist and author
    • 1930 – Vernon Shaw, Dominican politician, 5th President of Dominica (d. 2013)
    • 1931 – Jim Jones, American cult leader, founder of the Peoples Temple (d. 1978)
    • 1931 – Sydney Lipworth, South African-English lawyer, businessman, and philanthropist
    • 1933 – John Roseboro, American baseball player and coach (d. 2002)
    • 1934 – Ehud Netzer, Israeli archaeologist, architect, and academic (d. 2010)
    • 1934 – Leon Wagner, American baseball player and actor (d. 2004)
    • 1935 – Dominic Cossa, American opera singer
    • 1935 – Jan Saudek, Czech photographer and painter
    • 1935 – Kája Saudek, Czech author and illustrator (d. 2015)
    • 1936 – Bill Rompkey, Canadian educator and politician (d. 2017)
    • 1937 – Trevor Baylis, English inventor, invented the wind-up radio (d. 2018)
    • 1937 – Roch Carrier, Canadian librarian and author
    • 1937 – Zohra Lampert, American actress
    • 1937 – Beverley Owen, American actress (d. 2019)
    • 1937 – Roger Zelazny, American author and poet (d. 1995)
    • 1938 – Giuliano Amato, Italian academic and politician, 48th Prime Minister of Italy
    • 1938 – Laurent Beaudoin, Canadian businessman
    • 1938 – Anna Cropper, British actress (d. 2007)
    • 1938 – Francine Pascal, American author and playwright
    • 1938 – Buck Taylor, American actor
    • 1939 – Hildrun Claus, German long jumper
    • 1939 – Peter Frenkel, German race walker and coach
    • 1939 – Harvey Keitel, American actor
    • 1940 – Bruce Chatwin, English author (d. 1989)
    • 1940 – Kōkichi Tsuburaya, Japanese runner (d. 1968)
    • 1941 – Senta Berger, Austrian actress
    • 1941 – Joe Brown, English singer and musician
    • 1941 – Jody Conradt, American basketball player and coach
    • 1941 – Ritchie Valens, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1959)
    • 1942 – Leighton Gage, American author (d. 2013)
    • 1942 – Roger Young, American director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1943 – Anthony Clarke, Baron Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony, English lawyer and judge
    • 1943 – Kurt Trampedach, Danish painter and sculptor (d. 2013)
    • 1943 – Mary Wells, American singer-songwriter (d. 1992)
    • 1944 – Sir Crispin Agnew, 11th Baronet, Scottish explorer, lawyer, and judge
    • 1944 – Robert L. Crawford Jr., American actor
    • 1944 – Carolyn Franklin, American R&B singer-songwriter (d. 1988)
    • 1944 – Armistead Maupin, American author, screenwriter, and actor
    • 1945 – Lasse Berghagen, Swedish singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
    • 1945 – Magic Dick, American blues-rock harmonica, trumpet, and saxophone player
    • 1945 – Lou Marini, American saxophonist and composer
    • 1946 – Tim Pigott-Smith, English actor and author (d. 2017)
    • 1946 – Jean Rondeau, French race car driver and constructor (d. 1985)
    • 1946 – Marv Wolfman, American author
    • 1947 – Charles Baxter, American novelist, essayist, and poet
    • 1947 – Edgar Burcksen, Dutch-American film editor
    • 1948 – Sheila Jeffreys, English-Australian political scientist, author, and academic
    • 1948 – Dean Meminger, American basketball player and coach (d. 2013)
    • 1949 – Jane Glover, English conductor and scholar
    • 1949 – Zoë Wanamaker, American-British actress
    • 1949 – Philip Kruse, Norwegian trumpeter and orchestra leader
    • 1950 – Andy Cunningham, English actor (d. 2011)
    • 1950 – Danny Kirwan, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2018)
    • 1950 – Joe Johnston, American film director and effects artist
    • 1950 – Manning Marable, American author and academic (d. 2011)
    • 1950 – Bobby Valentine, American baseball player and manager
    • 1950 – Stevie Wonder, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer
    • 1951 – Rosie Boycott, English journalist and author
    • 1951 – Sharon Sayles Belton, American politician, 45th Mayor of Minneapolis
    • 1951 – Anand Modak, Indian composer and director (d. 2014)
    • 1951 – Herman Philipse, Dutch philosopher and academic
    • 1951 – Selina Scott, English journalist, producer, and author
    • 1951 – Paul Thompson, English drummer
    • 1952 – John Kasich, American politician, 69th Governor of Ohio
    • 1952 – Mary Walsh, Canadian actress, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1952 – Londa Schiebinger, American academic and author
    • 1953 – Zlatko Burić, Croat-Danish actor
    • 1953 – Gerry Sutcliffe, English politician, Vice-Chamberlain of the Household
    • 1953 – David Voelker, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2013)
    • 1953 – Harm Wiersma, Dutch draughts player and politician
    • 1953 – Ruth A. David, American electrical engineer
    • 1954 – Johnny Logan, Australian-Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1956 – Richard Madeley, English journalist and author
    • 1956 – Fred Melamed, American actor
    • 1956 – Kailash Vijayvargiya, National General Secretary of Bhartiya Janta Party
    • 1957 – Alan Ball, American director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1957 – Frances Barber, English actress
    • 1957 – Mark Heap, English actor
    • 1957 – David Hill, English organist and conductor
    • 1957 – Mar Roxas, Filipino economist and politician, 24th Filipino Secretary of the Interior
    • 1957 – Koji Suzuki, Japanese author and screenwriter
    • 1958 – Anthony Ray Parker, American actor
    • 1961 – Siobhan Fallon Hogan, American actress
    • 1961 – Dennis Rodman, American basketball player, wrestler, and actor
    • 1962 – Paul Burstow, English politician
    • 1962 – Nick Hurd, English businessman and politician, Minister for Civil Society
    • 1963 – Andrea Leadsom, English politician
    • 1963 – Wally Masur, Australian tennis player, coach, and sportscaster
    • 1964 – Stephen Colbert, American comedian and talk show host
    • 1964 – Chris Maitland, English drummer
    • 1964 – Tom Verica, American actor, television director, and producer
    • 1965 – José Antonio Delgado, Venezuelan mountaineer (d. 2006)
    • 1965 – Tasmin Little, English violinist and educator
    • 1965 – János Marozsán, Hungarian footballer
    • 1965 – Hikari Ōta, Japanese comedian and actor
    • 1965 – José Rijo, Dominican baseball player
    • 1965 – Lari White, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress (d. 2018)
    • 1966 – Alison Goldfrapp, English singer-songwriter and producer
    • 1966 – Darius Rucker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1967 – Tish Cyrus, American actress and film producer
    • 1967 – Shon Greenblatt, American actor
    • 1967 – Tommy Gunn, pornographic actor
    • 1967 – Chuck Schuldiner, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2001)
    • 1967 – Melanie Thornton, American-German singer (d. 2001)
    • 1968 – Miguel Ángel Blanco, Spanish politician (d. 1997)
    • 1968 – Susan Floyd, American actress
    • 1968 – Scott Morrison, Australian politician, 30th Prime Minister of Australia
    • 1968 – PMD, American rapper
    • 1968 – Dmitriy Shevchenko, Russian discus thrower and coach
    • 1969 – Buckethead, American guitarist and songwriter
    • 1969 – Nikos Aliagas, French-Greek journalist and television host
    • 1970 – Doug Evans, American football player
    • 1970 – Robert Maćkowiak, Polish sprinter
    • 1971 – Imogen Boorman, English actress and martial artist
    • 1971 – Rob Fredrickson, American football player
    • 1971 – Espen Lind, Norwegian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
    • 1971 – Tom Nalen, American football player and sportscaster
    • 1972 – Stefaan Maene, Belgian swimmer
    • 1972 – Darryl Sydor, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
    • 1972 – Pieta van Dishoeck, Dutch rower
    • 1973 – Eric Lewis, American pianist
    • 1973 – Bridgett Riley, American boxer and stuntwoman
    • 1975 – Jamie Allison, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1975 – Cristian Bezzi, Italian rugby player and coach
    • 1975 – Brian Geraghty, American actor
    • 1976 – Mark Delaney, Welsh footballer and manager
    • 1976 – Trajan Langdon, American basketball player and scout
    • 1976 – Ana Popović, Serbian-American singer-songwriter and guitarist
    • 1976 – Magdalena Walach, Polish actress
    • 1977 – Ilse DeLange, Dutch singer-songwriter
    • 1977 – Anthony Q. Farrell, Canadian-American actor and screenwriter
    • 1977 – Robby Hammock, American baseball player and coach
    • 1977 – Neil Hopkins, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1977 – James Middlebrook, English cricketer
    • 1977 – Samantha Morton, English actress and director
    • 1977 – Brian Thomas Smith, American actor and producer
    • 1977 – Pusha T, American rapper
    • 1978 – Brooke Anderson, American journalist
    • 1978 – Mike Bibby, American basketball player and coach
    • 1978 – Ryan Bukvich, American baseball player
    • 1978 – Germán Magariños, Argentinian actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1978 – Dilshan Vitharana, Sri Lankan cricketer
    • 1978 – Barry Zito, American baseball player
    • 1978 – Nuwan Zoysa, Sri Lankan cricketer
    • 1979 – Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland
    • 1979 – Steve Mildenhall, English footballer
    • 1979 – Vyacheslav Shevchuk, Ukrainian footballer
    • 1980 – L. J. Smith, American football player
    • 1981 – Luciana Berger, English politician
    • 1981 – Nicolas Jeanjean, French rugby player
    • 1981 – Sunny Leone, Canadian American actress, model, and pornstar
    • 1981 – Michael Mantenuto, American actor (d. 2017)
    • 1981 – Shaun Phillips, American football player
    • 1981 – Ryan Piers Williams, American actor and film director
    • 1982 – Albert Crusat, Spanish footballer
    • 1982 – Larry Fonacier, Filipino basketball player
    • 1982 – Oguchi Onyewu, American soccer player
    • 1983 – Natalie Cassidy, English actress and singer
    • 1983 – Anita Görbicz, Hungarian handball player
    • 1983 – Johnny Hoogerland, Dutch cyclist
    • 1983 – Grégory Lemarchal, French singer (d. 2007)
    • 1983 – Jacob Reynolds, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
    • 1983 – Yaya Touré, Ivorian footballer
    • 1984 – J. B. Cox, American baseball player
    • 1984 – Benny Dayal, Indian singer
    • 1984 – Dawn Harper, American hurdler
    • 1984 – Caroline Rotich, Kenyan runner
    • 1985 – Javier Balboa, Spanish-Equatoguinean footballer
    • 1985 – Jaroslav Halák, Slovak ice hockey player
    • 1985 – David Hernandez, American baseball player
    • 1985 – Carolina Luján, Argentine chess player
    • 1985 – Iwan Rheon, Welsh actor and singer
    • 1985 – Travis Zajac, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1986 – Lena Dunham, American actress, director, and screenwriter
    • 1986 – Eun-Hee Ji, South Korean golfer
    • 1986 – Robert Pattinson, English actor
    • 1986 – Alexander Rybak, Belarusian-Norwegian singer-songwriter, violinist, and actor
    • 1986 – Scott Sutter, English footballer
    • 1986 – Nino Schurter, Swiss cyclist
    • 1986 – Kris Versteeg, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1987 – Antonio Adán, Spanish footballer
    • 1987 – Hugo Becker, French actor
    • 1987 – Matt Doyle, American actor and singer
    • 1987 – Laura Izibor, Irish singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer
    • 1987 – Candice King, American singer-songwriter and actress
    • 1987 – Sandro Mareco, Argentine chess player
    • 1987 – Hunter Parrish, American actor and singer
    • 1987 – Marianne Vos, Dutch cyclist
    • 1987 – Charlotte Wessels, Dutch singer-songwriter
    • 1987 – Bobby Shuttleworth, American soccer player
    • 1988 – Paulo Avelino, Filipino actor and singer
    • 1988 – Didier Cohen, Australian DJ, producer and media personality
    • 1988 – Casey Donovan, Australian singer-songwriter
    • 1989 – P. K. Subban, Canadian ice hockey player
    • 1990 – Mychal Givens, American baseball player
    • 1991 – Jennifer Beattie, Scottish footballer
    • 1991 – Anders Fannemel, Norwegian ski jumper
    • 1992 – Bill Arnold, American ice hockey player
    • 1992 – Willson Contreras, Venezuelan baseball player
    • 1992 – Josh Papalii, New Zealand-Australian rugby league player
    • 1992 – Georgina García Pérez, Spanish tennis player
    • 1993 – Stefan Kraft, Austrian ski jumper
    • 1993 – Debby Ryan, American actress and singer
    • 1993 – Romelu Lukaku, Belgian footballer
    • 1993 – Siim-Tanel Sammelselg, Estonian ski jumper
    • 1993 – Tones and I, Australian singer-songwriter
    • 1994 – Łukasz Moneta, Polish footballer
    • 1997 – Reimis Smith, Australian rugby league player

    Deaths on May 13

    • 189 – Emperor Ling of Han, Chinese emperor (b. 156)
    • 1112 – Ulric II, Margrave of Carniola
    • 1176 – Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1119)
    • 1285 – Robert de Ros, 1st Baron de Ros
    • 1312 – Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1263)
    • 1573 – Takeda Shingen, Japanese daimyō (b. 1521)
    • 1619 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch politician (b. 1547)
    • 1704 – Louis Bourdaloue, French preacher and author (b. 1632)
    • 1726 – Francesco Antonio Pistocchi, Italian singer (b. 1659)
    • 1782 – Daniel Solander, Swedish-English botanist and phycologist (b. 1736)
    • 1807 – Eliphalet Dyer, American colonel, lawyer, and politician (b. 1721)
    • 1809 – Beilby Porteus, English bishop (b. 1731)
    • 1832 – Georges Cuvier, French zoologist and academic (b. 1769)
    • 1835 – John Nash, English architect, designed the Royal Pavilion (b. 1752)
    • 1866 – Nikolai Brashman, Czech-Russian mathematician and academic (b. 1796)
    • 1878 – Joseph Henry, American physicist and academic (b. 1797)
    • 1884 – Cyrus McCormick, American businessman, co-founded the International Harvester Company (b. 1809)
    • 1885 – Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, German physician, pathologist, and anatomist (b. 1809)
    • 1903 – Apolinario Mabini, Filipino lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Philippines (b. 1864)
    • 1916 – Sholem Aleichem, Ukrainian-American author and playwright (b. 1859)
    • 1921 – Jean Aicard, French author, poet, and playwright (b. 1848)
    • 1926 – Libert H. Boeynaems, Belgian-American bishop (b. 1857)
    • 1929 – Arthur Scherbius, German electrical engineer, invented the Enigma machine (b. 1878)
    • 1930 – Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian scientist, explorer, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
    • 1938 – Charles Édouard Guillaume, Swiss-French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
    • 1941 – Frederick Christian, English cricketer (b. 1877)
    • 1941 – Ōnishiki Uichirō, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 26th Yokozuna (b. 1891)
    • 1945 – Tubby Hall, American drummer (b. 1895)
    • 1946 – Zara DuPont, American suffragist (b. 1869)
    • 1947 – Sukanta Bhattacharya, Indian poet and playwright (b. 1926)
    • 1948 – Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (b. 1920)
    • 1957 – Michael Fekete, Hungarian-Israeli mathematician and academic (b. 1886)
    • 1961 – Gary Cooper, American actor (b. 1901)
    • 1962 – Henry Trendley Dean, American dentist (b. 1893)
    • 1962 – Franz Kline, American painter and academic (b. 1910)
    • 1963 – Alois Hudal, Austrian-Italian bishop (b. 1885)
    • 1972 – Dan Blocker, American actor (b. 1928)
    • 1974 – Jaime Torres Bodet, Mexican poet and diplomat (b. 1902)
    • 1974 – Arthur J. Burks, American colonel and author (b. 1898)
    • 1975 – Bob Wills, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1905)
    • 1977 – Mickey Spillane, American mobster (b. 1934)
    • 1985 – Leatrice Joy, American actress (b. 1893)
    • 1985 – Richard Ellmann, American literary critic and biographer (b. 1918)
    • 1988 – Chet Baker, American singer and trumpet player (b. 1929)
    • 1992 – F. E. McWilliam, Irish sculptor (b. 1909)
    • 1994 – Duncan Hamilton, Irish-English race car driver (b. 1920)
    • 1994 – John Swainson, Canadian-American jurist and politician, 42nd Governor of Michigan (b. 1925)
    • 1995 – Hao Wang, Chinese-American logician, philosopher, and mathematician (b. 1921)
    • 1999 – Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz, Saudi Arabian scholar and academic (b. 1910)
    • 1999 – Gene Sarazen, American golfer and journalist (b. 1902)
    • 2000 – Paul Bartel, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1938)
    • 2000 – Jumbo Tsuruta, Japanese wrestler (b. 1951)
    • 2001 – Jason Miller, American actor and playwright (b. 1939)
    • 2002 – Ruth Cracknell, Australian actress and author (b. 1925)
    • 2002 – Valeriy Lobanovskyi, Ukrainian footballer and manager (b. 1939)
    • 2005 – Eddie Barclay, French record producer, founded Barclay Records (b. 1921)
    • 2005 – George Dantzig, American mathematician and academic (b. 1914)
    • 2006 – Jaroslav Pelikan, American historian and scholar (b. 1923)
    • 2006 – Johnnie Wilder, Jr., American singer (b. 1949)
    • 2008 – Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Kuwaiti ruler, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1930)
    • 2008 – Ron Stone, American journalist and author (b. 1936)
    • 2009 – Frank Aletter, American actor (b. 1926)
    • 2009 – Meir Brandsdorfer, Belgian rabbi (b. 1934)
    • 2009 – Achille Compagnoni, Italian skier and mountaineer (b. 1914)
    • 2011 – Derek Boogaard, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1982)
    • 2011 – Stephen De Staebler, American sculptor and educator (b. 1933)
    • 2011 – Wallace McCain, Canadian businessman, co-founded McCain Foods (b. 1930)
    • 2011 – Bruce Ricker, American director and producer (b. 1942)
    • 2012 – Arsala Rahmani Daulat, Afghan politician (b. 1937)
    • 2012 – Donald “Duck” Dunn, American bass player, songwriter, and producer (b. 1941)
    • 2012 – Ada Maria Isasi-Diaz, Cuban-American theologian, author, and academic (b. 1943)
    • 2012 – Lee Richardson, English speedway rider (b. 1979)
    • 2012 – Don Ritchie, Australian humanitarian (b. 1925)
    • 2012 – Nguyễn Văn Thiện, Vietnamese bishop (b. 1906)
    • 2013 – Joyce Brothers, American psychologist, author, and actress (b. 1927)
    • 2013 – Otto Herrigel, Namibian lawyer and politician (b. 1937)
    • 2013 – Jagdish Mali, Indian photographer (b. 1954)
    • 2013 – Chuck Muncie, American football player (b. 1953)
    • 2013 – Fyodor Tuvin, Russian footballer (b. 1973)
    • 2013 – Lynne Woolstencroft, Canadian politician (b. 1943)
    • 2014 – David Malet Armstrong, Australian philosopher and author (b. 1926)
    • 2014 – Malik Bendjelloul, Swedish director and producer (b. 1977)
    • 2014 – J. F. Coleman, American soldier and pilot (b. 1918)
    • 2014 – Ron Stevens, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1949)
    • 2014 – Morning Glory Zell-Ravenheart, American occultist and author (b. 1948)
    • 2015 – Earl Averill, Jr., American baseball player (b. 1931)
    • 2015 – Robert Drasnin, American clarinet player and composer (b. 1927)
    • 2015 – Nina Otkalenko, Russian runner (b. 1928)
    • 2015 – David Sackett, American-Canadian physician and academic (b. 1934)
    • 2015 – Gainan Saidkhuzhin, Russian cyclist (b. 1937)
    • 2018 – Margot Kidder, Canadian-American actress (b. 1948)
    • 2019 – Doris Day, American singer and actress (b. 1922)
    • 2019 – Unita Blackwell, American civil rights activist, and politician (b. 1933)

    Holidays and observances on May 13

    • Abbotsbury Garland Day (Dorset, England)
    • Christian feast day:
      • Our Lady of Fátima
      • Gerard of Villamagna
      • Glyceria
      • John the Silent (Roman Catholic)
      • Julian of Norwich (Roman Catholic)
      • Frances Perkins (Episcopal Church (USA))
      • Servatius
      • May 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
    • Rotuma Day (Rotuma)
  • | |

    Major Airlines of the World – Top 100 Airlines with Numbers of Flights Per DAy

    • Lufthansa German Airlines Germany
    • Aero-flot Airline – Russia
    • Pan American World Airways System – S.A.
    • Trans-world Airways – S.A.
    • Delta Airlines – S.A.
    • Thai Airways International – Thailand
    • Swissair – Switzerland
    • Emirates – A.E
    • Air-Ceylon – Sri Lanka
    • Iberia – Spain
    • Pakistan International Airlines – Pakistan
    • Braathens – Norway
    • Scandinavian Airlines System – Norway
    • KLM Royal Dutch – Netherlands
    • Royal Nepal Airlines – Nepal
    • Japan Airlines – Japan
    • All Nippon Airways – Japan
    • Alitalia – Italy
    • Ryanair – Ireland
    • Garuda Airways – Indonesia
    • Air-India – India
    • Cathay Pacific – Hong Kong
    • Air France – France
    • Finnair – Finland
    • Easy Jet – England
    • O.A.C. – England
    • Sabena – Belgium Qantas
    • Empire Airways – Australia
    • Araina Afghan Airlines – Afghanistan

     

    Here is a list (as on 2020-04-03) of the 100 biggest airlines based on the number of departures (and not the number of passengers). The number of flights is the daily average for one week.

    1 – American Airlines – 5961 flights every day
    2 – Delta Air Lines – 4290 flights every day
    3 – United Airlines – 4048 flights every day
    4 – Southwest Airlines – 3795 flights every day
    5 – Ryanair – 2151 flights every day
    6 – easyJet – 1785 flights every day
    7 – China Southern Airlines – 1781 flights every day
    8 – China Eastern Airlines – 1716 flights every day
    9 – IndiGo – 1665 flights every day
    10 – Turkish Airlines – 1379 flights every day
    11 – Air Canada – 1325 flights every day
    12 – Air China – 1244 flights every day
    13 – ANA – 1224 flights every day
    14 – Alaska Airlines – 1119 flights every day
    15 – LATAM Airlines – 1111 flights every day
    16 – Air France – 1010 flights every day
    17 – Aeroflot – 938 flights every day
    18 – JetBlue Airways – 921 flights every day
    19 – JAL – 825 flights every day
    20 – British Airways – 782 flights every day
    21 – Lufthansa – 720 flights every day
    22 – KLM – 675 flights every day
    23 – Qantas – 668 flights every day
    24 – Shenzhen Airlines – 664 flights every day
    25 – Gol – 660 flights every day
    26 – Spirit Airlines – 646 flights every day
    27 – Lion Air – 639 flights every day
    28 – Wizz Air – 636 flights every day
    29 – Vueling – 627 flights every day
    30 – Azul – 620 flights every day
    31 – Xiamen Airlines – 589 flights every day
    32 – SpiceJet – 583 flights every day
    33 – AirAsia – 583 flights every day
    34 – WestJet – 575 flights every day
    35 – AVIANCA – 575 flights every day
    36 – Hainan Airlines – 568 flights every day
    37 – Sichuan Airlines – 523 flights every day
    38 – Shandong Airlines – 485 flights every day
    39 – Saudia – 478 flights every day
    40 – Emirates – 463 flights every day
    41 – Air India – 457 flights every day
    42 – Pegasus – 446 flights every day
    43 – Garuda Indonesia – 439 flights every day
    44 – Qatar Airways – 429 flights every day
    45 – Wings Air – 426 flights every day
    46 – Volaris – 398 flights every day
    47 – Alitalia – 393 flights every day
    48 – Aeromexico – 390 flights every day
    49 – S7 Airlines – 389 flights every day
    50 – Air New Zealand – 383 flights every day
    51 – Thai AirAsia – 370 flights every day
    52 – Frontier Airlines – 362 flights every day
    53 – Malaysia Airlines – 361 flights every day
    54 – Iberia – 356 flights every day
    55 – Virgin Australia – 355 flights every day
    56 – Vietnam Airlines – 353 flights every day
    57 – Batik Air – 352 flights every day
    58 – Ethiopian Airlines – 350 flights every day
    59 – Jetstar – 350 flights every day
    60 – Spring Airlines – 348 flights every day
    61 – VietJet Air – 347 flights every day
    62 – Philippine Airlines – 343 flights every day
    63 – SAS – 335 flights every day
    64 – Ravn Alaska – 334 flights every day
    65 – Juneyao Airlines – 323 flights every day
    66 – TAP Portugal – 313 flights every day
    67 – Cebu Pacific Air – 310 flights every day
    68 – Gestair – 307 flights every day
    69 – Eurowings – 305 flights every day
    70 – Shanghai Airlines – 302 flights every day
    71 – Aer Lingus – 299 flights every day
    72 – GoAir – 295 flights every day
    73 – Citilink – 293 flights every day
    74 – LOT – Polish Airlines – 281 flights every day
    75 – Beijing Capital Airlines – 276 flights every day
    76 – Interjet – 274 flights every day
    77 – Aerolineas Argentinas – 273 flights every day
    78 – Cape Air – 259 flights every day
    79 – South African Airways – 255 flights every day
    80 – Lucky Air – 253 flights every day
    81 – Sriwijaya Air – 252 flights every day
    82 – Copa Airlines – 251 flights every day
    83 – Tianjin Airlines – 251 flights every day
    84 – Norwegian Air Shuttle – 243 flights every day
    85 – Hawaiian Airlines – 241 flights every day
    86 – SWISS – 240 flights every day
    87 – Allegiant Air – 236 flights every day
    88 – Etihad Airways – 232 flights every day
    89 – Austrian – 229 flights every day
    90 – Tropic Air – 226 flights every day
    91 – Air Europa – 224 flights every day
    92 – Finnair – 220 flights every day
    93 – AirAsia India – 220 flights every day
    94 – Cathay Pacific – 218 flights every day
    95 – Jet2 – 216 flights every day
    96 -Singapore Airlines – 211 flights every day
    97 – Maya Island Air – 209 flights every day
    98 -Vistara – 204 flights every day
    99 -Jeju Air – 203 flights every day
    100 – EgyptAir – 199 flights every day

    Click HERE to see the Largest airlines in the world page on Wikipedia

  • |

    Constituents and Structure Solved MCQs (Set-I) | General Science & Ability

    The universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar System, Sun, Earth, Astronomical System of Units

    1) The biggest planet in our solar system is (CSS 2013)

    (a) Venus
    (b) Pluto
    (c) Jupiter
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (c)
    In terms of mass, volume, and surface area, Jupiter is the biggest planet in our Solar System by a wide margin.
    Size and Mass:
    Jupiter’s mass, volume, surface area and mean circumference are 1.8981 x 1027 kg, 1.43128 x 1015 km3, 6.1419 x 1010 km2, and 4.39264 x 105 km respectively. To put that in perspective, Jupiter diameter is roughly 11 times that of Earth, and 2.5 the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System combined.

    2) The universe is ———-. (CSS 1996)

    (a) Stationary
    (b) Expanding
    (c) Contracting
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (b)
    In June 2016, NASA and ESA scientists reported that the universe was found to be expanding 5% to 9% faster than thought earlier, based on studies using the Hubble Space Telescope

    3) The atmosphere of moon consists of: (CSS 2013)

    (a) . 90% Hydrogen, 10% Nitrogen
    (b) . 80%Nitrogen, 20% Hydrogen
    (c) 60% Nitrogen, 40%inert gases
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (d)
    The Moon has no atmosphere. None. That’s why astronauts have to wear their spacesuits when they get outside of their spacecraft on the surface of the Moon.
    Atmosphere of the Moon might be electro statically levitated moon dust. These tiny particles are constantly leaping up and down off the surface of the Moon.

    4) Who gave the first evidence of the Big- Bang theory?

    (a) Edwin Hubble
    (b) Albert Einstein
    (c) S. Chandrasekhar
    (d) Stephen Hawking
    Answer: (a)
    The Hubble Space Telescope was named after astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble (1889–1953), who made some of the most important discoveries in modern astronomy. Dr. Hubble determined that the farther a galaxy is from Earth, the faster it appears to move away. This notion of an “expanding” universe formed the basis of the Big Bang theory, which states that the universe began with an intense burst of energy at a single moment in time — and has been expanding ever since.

    5) Which one of the following planets has largest number of natural satellites or moons?

    (a) Jupiter
    (b) Mars
    (c) Saturn
    (d) Venus
    Answer: (a)
    In the Solar System, there are 179 satellites. A majority of those moons belong to the planet of Jupiter, the second most belonging to Saturn.

    6) Which of the following planets rotates clock wise?

    (a) Mars
    (b) Jupiter
    (c) Venus
    (d) Mercury
    Answer: (c)
    Venus is the only planet that rotates clockwise. Venus (radius 3,760.4 miles) is similar to Earth (radius 3,963.19 miles) in size and structure but spins very slowly; a day on Venus is 243 Earth days long.

    7) Which of the following order is given to the planets of solar system on the basis of their sizes?

    (a) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
    (b) Saturn, Jupiter, Mercury, Earth
    (c) Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn
    (d) Earth, Mercury, Saturn, Jupiter
    Answer: (a)
    Jupiter (69,911 km / 43,441 miles) – 1,120% the size of Earth
    Saturn (58,232 km / 36,184 miles) – 945% the size of Earth
    Uranus (25,362 km / 15,759 miles) –400% the size of Earth
    Neptune (24,622 km / 15,299 miles) – 388% the size of Earth
    Earth (6,371 km / 3,959 miles)

    8) The time taken by the Sun to revolve around the center of our galaxy is

    (a) 50 Million years
    (b) 100 Million years
    (c) 250 Million years
    (d) 365 Million years
    Answer: (c)
    the Sun is dragging us around the galaxy at around 800,000km/h, taking around 250 million years to complete a single orbit.
    That means our Solar System has made around 18 complete circuits since it was formed around 4.5 billion years ago.

    9): The planet having the largest diameter is

    (a) Earth
    (b) Jupiter
    (c) Venus
    (d) Uranus
    Answer: (b)
    Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid matter. It is the largest of the four giant planets in the Solar System and hence its largest planet. It has a diameter of 142,984 km (88,846 mi) at its equator

    10) The planet Mercury completes one rotation around the sun is (CSS 2010)

    (a) 88 days
    (b) 365 days
    (c) 98 days
    (d) 60 days
    (e) None of these
    Answer: (a)
    A year on Mercury is just 88 days long. One solar day (the time from noon to noon on the planet’s surface) on Mercury lasts the equivalent of 176 Earth days while the sidereal day (the time for 1 rotation in relation to a fixed point) lasts 59 Earth days. Mercury is nearly tidally locked to the Sun and over time this has slowed the rotation of the planet to almost match its orbit around the Sun. Mercury also has the highest orbital eccentricity of all the planets with its distance from the Sun ranging from 46 to 70 million km.

    11) The biggest planet in our solar system is (CSS 2013)

    (a) Venus
    (b) Pluto
    (c) Jupiter
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (c)
    Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. Jupiter has a mean radius of 43,440.7 miles (69,911 kilometers), about a tenth that of the sun. However, its rapid rotation — it spins once every 9.8 hours

    12) The atmosphere of moon consists of: (CSS 2013)

    (a) 90% Hydrogen, 10% Nitrogen
    (b) 80%Nitrogen, 20% Hydrogen
    (c) 60% Nitrogen, 40%inert gases
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (d)
    The Apollo 17 mission deployed an instrument called the Lunar Atmospheric Composition Experiment (LACE) on the moon’s surface. It detected small amounts of a number of atoms and molecules including helium, argon, and possibly neon, ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide.

    13) Which of the following explains the reason why there is no total eclipse of the sun? (CSS 2009)

    (a) Size of the earth in relation to that of moon
    (b) Orbit of moon around earth
    (c) Direction of rotation of earth around sun
    (d) Area of the sun covered by the moon
    (e) None of these
    Answer: (d)
    A solar eclipse occurs when the moon gets between Earth and the sun, and the moon casts a shadow over Earth. A solar eclipse can only take place at the phase of new moon, when the moon passes directly between the sun and Earth and its shadows fall upon Earth’s surface.

    14) The sun produces most of its energy by (CSS 2012)

    (a) Nuclear fusion which involves converting “H” to “He”
    (b) Nuclear fission involving the burning of uranium & plutonium
    (c) Nuclear fission involving the combining of uranium and palladium
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (a)
    Sun, like all stars, is able to create energy because it is essentially a massive fusion reaction.
    The core of the Sun is the region that extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. It is here, in the core, where energy is produced by hydrogen atoms (H) being converted into molecules of helium (He) This is possible thanks to the extreme pressure and temperature that exists within the core, which are estimated to be the equivalent of 250 billion atmospheres (25.33 trillion KPa) and 15.7 million kelvin, respectively.

    15) Although the mass of a man on moon remains same as on the earth he will (CSS 2012)

    (a) Be much happier there
    (b) Weigh one sixth as much
    (c) Weigh twice as much
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (b)
    The Moon’s gravity is one sixth of the Earth’s gravity. A 120 kg astronaut weighs 1200 N on Earth. On the Moon they would weigh only 200 N. The astronaut’s mass is 120kg wherever they are.

    16) The planet of the solar system which has maximum numbers of Moon is: (CSS 2011)

    (a) Jupiter
    (b) Venus
    (c) Saturn
    (d) Uranus
    (e) None of these
    Answer: (a)

    17): The earth rotates 011 its axis from_

    (a) North to south
    (b) South to north
    (c) East to west
    (d) West to east
    Answer: (d)
    The Earth rotates from the west towards east. As viewed from North Star or polestar Polaris, the Earth turns counter-clockwise. The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth’s axis of rotation meets its surface.

    18): Name two planets which revolve around their axis from east to west

    (a) Earth and Venus
    (b) Mars and Earth
    (c) Venus and Uranus
    (d) Mars and Uranus
    Answer: (c)
    Planets have no light of their own and all of them expect Venus and Uranus, rotate upon their axis from west to east.

    19) Our sun is classified as (CSS 2012)

    (a) A Blue giant
    (b) A Yellow dwarf
    (c) Supernova
    (d) None of these
    Answer: (b)
    The sun is classified as a G-type main-sequence star, or G dwarf star, or more imprecisely, a yellow dwarf. Actually, the sun — like other G-type stars — is white, but appears yellow through Earth’s atmosphere. Stars generally get bigger as they grow older

    20): Name the planet which revolve approximately 90 degree with its orbital plane_.

    (a) Neptune
    (b) Venus
    (c) Uranus
    (d) Jupiter
    Answer: (c)
    Unlike any other planet, Uranus rotates on its side. That is, the rotation axis is tilted approximately 90 degrees relative to the planet’s orbital plane.

    21): The hottest planet of our solar system is
    (a) Mercury
    (b) Venus
    (c) Mars
    (d) Earth
    Answer: (b)
    Venus’s thick atmosphere made up mainly of CO2 makes it the hottest planet in the solar system. Mercury is colder because it’s atmosphere is thin.

    22): Which of the following constellation contains Pole Star?

    (a) Orion
    (b) Ursa Major
    (c) Ursa Minor
    (d) Scorpio
    Answer: (b)

    23): All the stars appear to move from

    (a) North to south
    (b) South to north
    (c) East to west
    (d) West to east
    Answer: (c)
    Every day, the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars appear to rise in the east and set in the west. Actually, these celestial objects aren’t moving that fast, but Earth is. It spins on its axis from west to east approximately every 24 hours.
    Because we are standing on Earth’s surface, we move along with it. To us, it appears as if everything in the sky is moving from east to west.

    24): The body burning like a star and coming towards the earth

    (a) Comet
    (b) Meteor
    (c) Ceres
    (d) Satellites
    Answer: (b)
    Fleeting trails of light are called meteors or shooting stars and they are created by small particles, some no bigger than a grain of rice, as they are completely burned up high in the atmosphere: about 100 km (or 60 miles) above the Earth. They are over literally in the blink of an eye. Space debris is collectively termed meteoroids, those larger fragments that reach the ground are called meteorites. Very big meteoroids are also known as asteroids. If one collides with Earth it would cause a major catastrophe.

    25) Which of the following is not true?

    (a) Planets rotate on their own axis.
    (b) Planets do not emit light.
    (c) Some planets are gaseous and some are rocky
    (d) Most of the planets have rings around them.
    Answer: (d)

    26) Which is the brightest planet?

    (a) Mars
    (b) Jupiter
    (c) Venus
    (d) Saturn
    Answer: (c)
    Venus is so bright because its thick clouds reflect most of the sunlight that reaches it (about 70%) back into space, and because it is the closest planet to Earth. Venus can often be seen within a few hours after sunset or before sunrise as the brightest object in the sky (other than the moon)

    27) The stars in space are ___.

    (a) Uniformly spread out.
    (b) Distributed completely at random
    (c) Chiefly in the Milky Way
    (d) Mostly contained within widely separated galaxies
    Answer: (d)

    28) “Black holes” refer to: (CSS 2009)

    (a) Hole occurring in heavenly bodies
    (b) Bright spots on the sun
    (c) Collapsing objects of high density
    (d) Collapsing of low density
    (e) None of these
    Answer: (c)

    29) The Milky Way is _____.

    ( a) a gas cloud in the solar system
    (b) a gas cloud in the galaxy of which the sun is a member
    (c) the galaxy of which the sun is a member
    (d) a nearby galaxy
    Answer: (c)

    30) Relative to the center of our galaxy, ____.

    ( a) its starts are stationary
    (b) its stars move entirely at random
    (c) its stars revolve
    (d) Population I starts are stationary and Population II star revolve
    Answer: (c)

    31) Evidence of various kinds suggests that at the center of our galaxy is a ___.

    ( a) Quasar
    (b) Pulsar
    (c) Neutron star
    (d) Black hole
    Answer: (d)
    A supermassive black hole (SMBH) is the largest type of black hole, in the order of hundreds of thousands to billions of solar masses (M☉), and is found in the centre of almost all currently known massive galaxies. In the case of the Milky Way, the SMBH corresponds with the location of Sagittarius A*

    32) A radio telescope is basically a (an) __.

    (a) device for magnifying radio waves
    (b) Telescope remotely controlled by radio
    (c) Directional antenna connected to a sensitive radio receiver
    (d) Optical telescope that uses electronic techniques to produce an image
    Answer: (c)
    Radio telescope is an astronomical instrument consisting of a radio receiver and an antenna system that is used to detect radio-frequency radiation emitted by extraterrestrial sources. Because radio wavelengths are much longer than those of visible light, radio telescopes must be very large in order to attain the resolution of optical telescopes.
    The first radio telescope, built in 1937 by Grote Reber of Wheaton

    33) Sun is a: (CSS 2011)

    (a) Planet
    (b) Comet
    (c) Satellite
    (d) Aurora
    (e) None of these
    Answer: (e)
    The Sun (or Sol), is the star at the centre of our solar system
    The Sun is by far the largest object in the solar system. It contains more than 99.8% of the total mass of the Solar System (Jupiter contains most of the rest).

    34) The age of the solar system is (CSS 2011)

    (a) 4.5 billion years
    (b) 5.5 billion years
    (c) 6.5 billion years
    (d) 7.5 billion years
    (e) None of these
    Answer: (e)
    By studying several things, mostly meteorites, and using radioactive dating techniques, specifically looking at daughter isotopes, scientists have determined that the Solar System is 4.6 billion years old. Well, give or take a few million years. That age can be extended to most of the objects and material in the Solar System.

    35) An eclipse of the sun occurs when (CSS 2011)

    (a) The moon is between the sun and the earth
    (b) The sun is between the earth and the moon
    (c) The earth is between the sun and the moon
    (d) The earth casts its shadow on the moon
    (e) None of these
    Answer: (a)
    A solar eclipse occurs when the moon gets between Earth and the sun, and the moon casts a shadow over Earth. A solar eclipse can only take place at the phase of new moon, when the moon passes directly between the sun and Earth and its shadows fall upon Earth’s surface.

    36) Founder of modern astronomy was: (CSS 2009)

    (a) Archimedes
    (b) William Gilbert
    (c) Nicolaus Copernicus
    (d) Michael Faraday
    (e) None of these
    Answer: (c)
    Considered today to be the father of modern astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Torun, Poland.

    37) Orbital period of the planet Mercury around the sun is: (CSS 2009)

    (a) 88 days
    (b) 365 days
    (c) 2 years
    (d) 98 days
    (e) None of these
    Answer: (a)
    Mercury has an orbital period of 88 days (87.969 to be exact), which means a single year is 88 Earth days – or the equivalent of about 0.241 Earth years. But here’s the thing. Because of Mercury’s slow rotation (once every 58.646 days) and its rapid orbital speed (47.362 km/s), one day on Mercury actually works out to 175.96 Earth days.

    38) Primary cosmic rays are composed largely of very fast ___.

    ( a) Protons
    (b) Neutrons
    (c) Electrons
    (d) Gamma rays
    Answer: (a)
    Of primary cosmic rays, which originate outside of Earth’s atmosphere, about 99% are the nuclei (stripped of their electron shells) of well-known atoms, and about 1% are solitary electrons (similar to beta particles). Of the nuclei, about 90% are simple protons, i. e. hydrogen nuclei; 9% are alpha particles, identical to helium nuclei, and 1% are the nuclei of heavier elements, called HZE ions

    39) Cosmic rays ____.

    (a) Circulate freely through space
    (b) are trapped in our galaxy by electric fields
    (c) are trapped in our galaxy by magnetic fields
    (d) are trapped in our galaxy by gravitational fields
    Answer: (c)

    40) The red shift in the spectral lines of light reaching us from other galaxies implies that these galaxies ______.

    ( a) are moving closer to one another
    (b) are moving farther apart from one another
    (c) are in rapid rotation
    (d) Consist predominantly of red giant stars
    Answer: (b)

    41) According to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, the universe _____.

    ( a) Must be expanding
    (b) Must be contracting
    (c) Must be either expanding or contracting
    (d) May be neither expanding nor contracting
    Answer: (c)

    42) Supernova explosions have no connection with _______.

    ( a) The formation of heavy elements
    (b) Cosmic rays
    (c) Pulsars
    (d) Quasars
    Answer: (d)

    43) Current ideas suggest that what is responsible for the observed properties of a quasar is a massive ____.

    (a) Neutron star
    (b) Black hole
    (c) Spiral galaxy
    (d) Star cluster
    Answer: (b)

    44) The age of the universe is probably in the neighborhood of ______.

    ( a) 15 million years
    (b) 4 ½ billion years
    (c) 15 billion years
    (d) 30 billion years
    Answer: (c)

    45) The term big bang refers to ___.

    ( a) the origin of the universe
    (b) the ultimate fate of the universe
    (c) a supernova explosion
    (d) the formation of a quasar
    Answer: (a)

    46) The elements heavier than hydrogen and helium of which the planets are composed probably came from the __.
    ( a) Sun
    (b) Debris of supernova explosions that occurred before the solar system came into being
    (c) Big bang
    (d) Big crunch
    Answer: (b)

    47) Today the universe apparently contains ____.

    ( a) Only matter
    (b) Only antimatter
    (c) Equal amounts of matter and antimatter
    (d) Slightly more matter than antimatter
    Answer: (a)

    48) Radiation from the early history of the universe was Doppler-shifted by the expansion of the universe until today it is in the form of _______.

    ( a) X-rays
    (b) Ultraviolet waves
    (c) Infrared waves
    (d) Radio waves
    Answer: (d)

    49) Present evidence suggests that most of the mass of the universe is in the form of ______.

    ( a) Dark matter
    (b) Luminous matter
    (c) Cosmic rays
    (d) Black holes
    Answer: (a)

    50) It is likely that the planets, satellites, and other members of the solar system were formed ________.

    (a) Together with the sun
    (b) Later than the sun from material it ejected
    (c) Later than the sun from material it captured from space
    (d) Elsewhere and were captured by the sun
    Answer: (a)