Which of the following statements best explains Mikhail Bakhtin’s philosophy of language ?

Which of the following statements best explains Mikhail Bakhtin’s philosophy of language ?

A. Language includes multiple social dialects and jargons.
B. Language can include socioideological contradictions from the past.
C. Language exhibits and is bound up in the social lives and historical context of the people who speak it.
D. Language is loaded with the intentions of others.

What is New Historicism ?

What is New Historicism ?

A. A theory that abandons the idea of history as an imitation of events
B. A theory that regards history as a series of narratives
C. A theory that capitalizes on the interplay between literature and history
D. All of the above

Which of the following texts is the BEST example of the argument that a work’s meaning does not come entirely from the imagination of the author ?

Which of the following texts is the BEST example of the argument that a work’s meaning does not come entirely from the imagination of the author ?

A. Plato’s The Republic
B. T.S. Eliot’s “Tradition and the Individual Talent”
C. Jacques Derrida’s Of Grammatology
D. Roland Barthes’s “The Death of the Author”

What fundamental idea does psychoanalytic criticism hold about literary texts ?

What fundamental idea does psychoanalytic criticism hold about literary texts ?

A. Literary texts should not be read as a projection of the author’s psyche.
B. Literary texts solely reflect an author’s intentions.
C. Literary texts are unlike dreams because they have a system of order and produce meaning.
D. Literary texts reveal secret elements of an author’s unconscious.

Which of the following is a rule of semiotics ?

Which of the following is a rule of semiotics ?

A. All linguistic concepts evolve solely out of the responses of people within a specific historical era.
B. All linguistic and social phenomena are texts, and the object of studying these texts is to reveal the underlying codes that make them meaningful.
C. All linguistics is in some way related to class struggle.
D. All linguistics is related to history, and therefore the meaning of linguistics relies exclusively on historical context.