An association between two variables which is in fact caused by other factor(s) is called a_____________?

A. it is estimated that women grow half the world’s food but they rarely own land.
B. Women constitute one-third of the world’s paid labor force but are generally found in the lowest paying jobs
C. Single-parent households headed by women which appear to be on the increase in many nations -are typically found in the poorest section of the population
D. all of the above