In food demand growth equation D = Φ + a E, a is the income elasticity of demand for food E is the per capita income growth and Φ is ?

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In food demand growth equation D = Φ + a E, a is the income elasticity of demand for food E is the per capita income growth and Φ is ?

A. Poverty rates
B. food security index
C. change in the quantity of food demanded per capita
D. population growth