The External Debt and Financial Crises

A. IMF decentralization; World Bank dissolution
B. new loans from multilateral agencies and surplus countries; debt reduction or write-downs
C. structural adjustment loans for LDCs experiencing unanticipated external shocks; renewed emphases on macroeconomic stabilization programs
D. debt relief for at leas three-fourths of the eligible HIPCs; shorter requirements for adjustment programs

A. The ratio of debt service to GNP is very good indicator of the debt burden
B. Many large LDC debtors borrowed heavily because of their excellent international credit ratings
C. Middle income countries account for almost four-fifths of the total outstanding debt of all LDCs
D. The debt-burden of sub Saharan African countries may be as heavy as for middle income countries

A. Structural adjustment loans
B. sectoral adjustment loans
C. internal adjustment loans
D. external leverage loans

i. capital inflows/GDP were very low
ii. Nonperforming bank loan ratios were high
iii. current account deficits were high
iv. credit growth was fast
A. I and IV only
B. II and III only
C. I, II and III only
D. II, III and IV only

A. Brazil
B. Argentina
C. Thailand
D. Malaysia

A. long-term debt divided by GDP of a country in a given year
B. interest and principle payments divided by exports of goods and services
C. ratio of debt net of portfolio investment financing and foreign direct investment
D. default and reschedule debt minus annual export revenues that must be devoted to paying interest

A. dependable positive real interest rates
B. higher taxes on capital gains
C. more efficient state enterprises
D. market liberalization

A. External debt accumulates with international balance on goods services and income deficcits
B. When debts are denominated in U.S dollars their appreciation during the 1990s increased the cost of servicing such debts
C. In the 19901s LDCs relied increasingly on aid from DCs
D. International lenders required LDC governments to guarantee private debt

A. Iraq and Iran
B. Egypt and Poland
C. Pakistan and Afghanistan
D. Saudi Arabia and Jordan

I- Bolivia
II- Benin
III- Uganda
IV- Tanzania
A. I and II only
B. I, II , III only
C. I, III and IV only
D. I, II , III and IV