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A. long-term debt divided by GDP of a country in a given year
B. interest and principle payments divided by exports of goods and services
C. ratio of debt net of portfolio investment financing and foreign direct investment
D. default and reschedule debt minus annual export revenues that must be devoted to paying interest

A. dependable positive real interest rates
B. higher taxes on capital gains
C. more efficient state enterprises
D. market liberalization

A. External debt accumulates with international balance on goods services and income deficcits
B. When debts are denominated in U.S dollars their appreciation during the 1990s increased the cost of servicing such debts
C. In the 19901s LDCs relied increasingly on aid from DCs
D. International lenders required LDC governments to guarantee private debt

A. Iraq and Iran
B. Egypt and Poland
C. Pakistan and Afghanistan
D. Saudi Arabia and Jordan

I- Bolivia
II- Benin
III- Uganda
IV- Tanzania
A. I and II only
B. I, II , III only
C. I, III and IV only
D. I, II , III and IV

A. screening of debtors based on their regional location
B. World Bank requiring LDCs seconded by a DC to get loan reduction
C. loan denial to crisis-stricken highly indebted countries
D. None of the above

A. excessively committed to writing down LDC debt
B. a managed duopoly of policy advice
C. a U.S monoply
D. the initiator of HIPCs debt forgiveness

A. unrealistic for IMF to intervene in the financial markets of poor countries during the crisis
B. impractical for the IMF to loan short term as reforms can only be effective in the middle to long run
C. crucial that the IMF intervene in the reform of fiscal policy of the country and not the monetary policy
D. None of the statements above is correct

A. Structural adjustment loans
B. sectoral adjustment loans
C. internal adjustment loans
D. external leverage loans

A. trade account surplus
B. massive reverse outflows of capital
C. technological transfer from DCs
D. Symmetric informational in financial market