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A perforated plate has holes of diameter dn arranged in a pitch ph. Each hole has a tube of I.D. dt passing through it. The ligament efficiency is given by_______________?

A perforated plate has holes of diameter dn arranged in a pitch ph. Each hole has a tube of I.D. dt passing through it. The ligament efficiency is given by_______________?

A. (ph – dh)/ph
B. (ph – dh . dt/2)/ph
C. (ph – dt)/ph
D. (ph – dh)/dh