A perforated plate has holes of diameter dn arranged in a pitch ph. Each hole has a tube of I.D. dt passing through it. The ligament efficiency is given by_______________?

A perforated plate has holes of diameter dn arranged in a pitch ph. Each hole has a tube of I.D. dt passing through it. The ligament efficiency is given by_______________?

A. (ph – dh)/ph
B. (ph – dh . dt/2)/ph
C. (ph – dt)/ph
D. (ph – dh)/dh

The clearance between two tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger is known as ‘ligament’, whose minimum value is _____________ the outside diameter of the tube, but in no case it should be less than 4.5 mm?

The clearance between two tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger is known as ‘ligament’, whose minimum value is _____________ the outside diameter of the tube, but in no case it should be less than 4.5 mm?

A. Equal to
B. Half
C. One fourth
D. Three fourth